Polar Codes and Their Quantum-Domain Counterparts

Babar, Zunaira; Egilmez, Zeynep B. Kaykac; Xiang, Luping; Chandra, Daryus; Maunder, Robert G.; Ng, Soon Xin; Hanzo, Lajos

doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2937923

Cited by 38 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 181 publications

(285 reference statements)

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“…These problems are likely to inspire coding experts and the broader 6G-research community. Another fertile area of future research is related to the conceptions of polar codes for enhancing quantum computers and other quantum systems [91].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development, Operation and Performance of the 5G Polar Codes

Egilmez

Xiang

Maunder

et al. 2020

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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Since their inception in 2008, polar codes have been shown to offer near-capacity error correction performance across a wide range of block lengths and coding rates. Owing to this, polar codes have been selected to provide channel coding in the control channels of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR). The operation of the 3GPP NR polar codes is specified in the 3GPP standard TS 38.212, together with schemes for code block segmentation, Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) attachment, CRC scrambling, CRC interleaving, frozen and parity check bit insertion, sub-block interleaving, bit selection, channel interleaving and code block concatenation. The configuration of these components is different for the uplink, broadcast and downlink control channels. However, the lack of visualisations and diagrammatic explanations in TS 38.212 limits the accessibility of the standard to new readers. This motivates the aims of the paper, which provides detailed tutorials on the operation and motivation of the components of the 3GPP NR polar codes, as well as surveys of the 3GPP discussions that led to their specification. Furthermore, we comprehensively characterize the error correction and error detection performance of the 3GPP NR polar codes in the uplink, broadcast and downlink control channels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development, Operation and Performance of the 5G Polar Codes

Egilmez

Xiang

Maunder

et al. 2020

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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“…2, from right to left. For each XOR, two types of computations associated with LLRs will be performed, referred to as f and g functions, respectively [8]. The f function is performed when a pair of LLRs x and y are input to the right-hand side of a XOR, which can be expressed as…”

Section: A Soft List Polar Decodermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the BP and SCAN decoders of [3,6,7] suffer from performance loss compared to the Log-SCL decoder for transmission over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channels [8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft List Decoding of Polar Codes

Xiang

Liu

Egilmez

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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Soft-output (SO) decoding is proposed for the Logarithmic Successive Cancellation List (Log-SCL) polar decoder for the first time, by exploiting the left-to-right propagation of the Belief Propagation (BP) decoder, which opens new avenues for its employment in powerful turbo-receivers. In the case of decoding a half-rate polar code having a block length of 1024 bits, the proposed soft list polar decoder achieves a 1.5 dB Block Error Ratio (BLER) performance gain, 50% latency improvement and 26% complexity reduction, compared to the state-of-the-art SO Soft Cancellation (SCAN) polar decoder in a polar-coded Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system. Furthermore, we conceive a Memory-Efficient (ME) soft list polar decoder, which requires only 16% of the soft list polar decoder's memory, at the cost of slightly increased latency and complexity. I. INTRODUCTION Polar codes [1] have been selected for protecting the 5G New Radio (NR) control channels, as a benefit of their superior Block Error Ratio (BLER) performance at short block lengths [2]. Therefore, both Hard-Output (HO) and Soft-Output (SO) polar decoders have been investigated in the literature [1, 3-8]. The soft-input HO (SIHO) polar decoders typically rely on the original Successive Cancellation (SC) decoder proposed in [1] or sphere decoder of [9], whereas SISO may be produced by the Belief Propagation (BP) algorithm [3, 10]. The SC decoder is capable of approaching the Binary-Input Discrete Memoryless Channel (B-DMC) capacity for infinite block lengths [1] where the channel is sufficiently polarized, but exhibits poor BLER performance for realistic finite block lengths due to the associated error propagation. Considering a list of candidate bit sequences and operating on the basis of Logarithmic Likelihood Ratios (LLRs), the Logarithmic Successive Cancellation List (Log-SCL) polar decoder, developed from the SCL decoder of [11], improves the error-correction performance of the SC decoder in the case of practical block lengths [4]. The software and hardware implementations of the Log-SCL decoder have been investigated in [12-15], which have a low memory requirement and a low decoding latency. However, the Log-SCL decoder is not a SISO scheme, and hence fails to exploit the iterative LLR updates gleaned from the detector of a turbo-receiver [5, 16].

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“…These are the first codes to have explicit proof for approaching capacity and are included as codes for the control channels in the 5G standard, and the decoder here is sequential in nature. In April 2016, in the Third Generation Partnership Project RAN1 Meeting#84, various channel coding requirements for 5G NR were identified, and polar code was considered as one of the possible techniques that can be explored for 5G application 29,30 . Later on, in RAN1 Meeting#86 in October 2016, a detailed comparison between low‐density parity checker, turbo codes, and polar codes was presented, and in November 2016, it was decided to adapt polar coding for uplink control channels in 5G NR.…”

Section: Polar Code and Polar Encodermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, in November 2017, polar codes with parity check bits were adapted for uplink control information along with cyclic redundancy check for block length of greater than 12 30 . The detailed timeline along with various implementations and standards for usage of polar codes in 5G communication can be further referred from Babar et al and Egilmez et al 29,30 …”

Section: Polar Code and Polar Encodermentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of quantum‐dot cellular automata technology based cost‐efficient polar encoder for nanocommunication systems

Ahmed

Naz

Bhat

2020

Int J Communication

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SummaryIn the current digital era, there is a need of secure and efficient nanocommunication systems with ultralow power consumption. One technology that can be used for designing these systems is the quantum‐dot cellular automata (QCA). In the nanoregime, QCA is able to operate with higher speed and lower power dissipation compared with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. This work explores the applicability and feasibility of polar encoders, which felicitates reliable data communication with reduced probability of error, in nanocommunication systems. In this paper, (8,4) polar encoder is proposed in QCA technology. The proposed design is a single‐layer structure designed using only 600 cells consuming cell area of 0.1944 μm2 and total area of 0.7225 μm2 with a latency of 3.75 clock cycles, which results in a cost of 10.16. Based on the performance comparison, it is observed that the proposed design is cost‐efficient and achieves improvement up to 49.49% in terms of number of cells and area consumption, 40% improvement in latency, and 86.42% improvement in terms of cost compared with the only design in the literature. In addition to this, the energy dissipation analysis of the proposed designs is also presented. Hence, the proposed designs can be efficiently utilized in nanocommunication systems requiring minimal area and ultralow power consumption.

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Polar Codes and Their Quantum-Domain Counterparts

Cited by 38 publications

References 181 publications

The Development, Operation and Performance of the 5G Polar Codes

The Development, Operation and Performance of the 5G Polar Codes

Soft List Decoding of Polar Codes

Design of quantum‐dot cellular automata technology based cost‐efficient polar encoder for nanocommunication systems

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