Polar Code Validation

Katz, Ira; Lilley, J. R.; Jongeward, G. A.; Mandell, M. J.; Luu, Tin

doi:10.21236/ada230138

Cited by 16 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These data are consistent with the suggestion that the myocardium in congestive heart failure is unable to provide enough energy to meet increased mechanical demands [74]. The production of energy in the paced dog myocardium appears to be seriously compromised.…”

Section: Mitochondria and Energy Productionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Protein changes observed in pacing‐induced heart failure using two‐dimensional electrophoresis

et al. 1998

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Rapid ventricular pacing in dogs results in a low output cardiomyopathic state which is similar to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in man. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms which cause this failure following pacing are unknown. Five dogs underwent rapid ventricular pacing. Hearts were stimulated at 245 beats per min (bpm) for four weeks and then reduced to 190 bpm to stabilize the failure. Six unoperated dogs were used as controls. This paper compares the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) protein patterns of left ventricular samples from the paced myocardium with the control dogs. Changes in protein expression were analyzed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. In the paced dog samples 69 protein spots were significantly altered of which 42 were decreased and 27 were elevated. One qualitative change was observed: elongation factor Tu was present only the control hearts. Of these proteins, 20 have been identified by a combination of N-terminal protein microsequencing, peptide mass profiling by mass spectrometry, amino acid compositional analysis, and by comparison with databases of canine and human ventricular proteins. Ten of these are associated with mitochondria and energy production, including: pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component, isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit alpha, HSP60 and HSP70, creatine kinase M and fatty acid binding protein. The cytoskeletal protein desmin was detected in reduced quantities and a spot corresponding to a fragment of desmin was increased. These results indicate that the development of heart failure in the paced dog involves alterations in mitochondrial energy production, the cytoskeleton and calcium activation.

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Section: Mitochondria and Energy Productionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Protein changes observed in pacing‐induced heart failure using two‐dimensional electrophoresis

et al. 1998

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“…Alterations to the metabolic and mitochondrial proteins support the notion that the myocardium in congestive heart failure is in energy deficit [22]. The results presented here indicate reduced fatty acid metabolism by b-oxidation (reduced 3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA-isomerase), alterations to the phosphocreatine shuttle (decreased creatine kinase M), and reduced activity of the electron transport chain (decreased cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide VA and cytochrome b5).…”

Section: Significance Of Protein Changessupporting

confidence: 80%

Changes in myocardial protein expression in pacing-induced canine heart failure

Heinke

Wheeler²,

Yan³

et al. 1999

Electrophoresis

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Canine rapid ventricular pacing produces a low output cardiomyopathic state which is similar to dilated cardiomyopathy. In this study dogs were paced at 245 beats per minute (bpm) for 3—4 weeks until signs of heart failure were apparent. Unpaced dogs were used as controls. A previous study identified myocardial protein changes in the pH region 4—7 following ventricular pacing by using two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) (Heinke et al., Electrophoresis 1998 19, 2021—2030). Many of these proteins were associated with mitochondria, energy metabolism within the cardiomyocyte, the cytoskeleton and calcium cycling. The present study aimed to examine the proteins migrating in the more basic region of the 2‐DE pattern using immobilised pH gradient 3—10 strips to separate myocardial proteins. The expression of 31 proteins was altered in the paced myocardium: 21 were decreased and 10 increased. Following the identification of 23 of these spots by either amino acid compositional analysis or peptide mass fingerprinting or a combination of both, we confirm that many of the proteins whose expression is altered following ventricular pacing are associated with the mitochondria and energy production within the cardiomyocyte, including creatine kinase M, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate mutase, cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome b5, hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA synthase, myoglobin, and 3,2‐trans‐enoyl‐CoA transferase. Additionally, the cytoskeletal protein actin was increased in the paced hearts. These results strongly support the notion that energy production is impaired and mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the development of heart failure in the paced dog.

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“…[9] The metathesis of enynes having alkene and alkyne moieties in the molecule is an extremely interesting reaction. The first enyne metathesis was reported by Katz, [10] who used a Fischer tungsten carbene complex. Our group has reported a chromium-catalyzed enyne metathesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Natural Products and Related Compounds using Enyne Metathesis

Mori

2007

Adv Synth Catal

148

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Since the molybdenum and ruthenium carbene complexes 1a and 1b were discovered by Schrock and Grubbs in 1990 and 1992, synthetic organic chemistry has progressed with the use of these complexes as the catalyst for olefin metathesis. It was found that the ruthenium carbene complex was also effective for enyne metathesis, which occurs between an alkene and an alkyne. Intramolecular enyne metathesis gives various cyclic compounds having a 1,3-diene moiety and cross-metathesis of an alkene with an alkyne is a useful method for the synthesis of a compound having a diene moiety. Furthermore, dienyne metathesis, ROM of cycloalkenynes or tandem reactions of enyne metathesis have been developed. Using these various enyne metatheses, complicated natural products have been synthesized via novel routes. The syntheses of natural products and related compounds using enyne metathesis are described.

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Polar Code Validation

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Protein changes observed in pacing‐induced heart failure using two‐dimensional electrophoresis

Protein changes observed in pacing‐induced heart failure using two‐dimensional electrophoresis

Changes in myocardial protein expression in pacing-induced canine heart failure

Synthesis of Natural Products and Related Compounds using Enyne Metathesis

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