Polar bears: proceedings of the 18th working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, Anchorage, Alaska, 7-11 June 2016

Durner, George M.; Laidre, Kristin L.; York, Geoff

doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2018.ssc-op.63.en

Cited by 62 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(106 reference statements)

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“…We evaluated the number of clusters in the data ( K ) from 1 to 10, with 20 iterations of each, and with a run length of 300,000 MCMC following a burnin period of 100,000 MCMC. The most likely value of K was identified using the DeltaK method of Evanno et al (2005) in structure harvester (Earl & vonHoldt, 2012). To complement the structure analysis, we also used discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC; Jombart et al, 2010), implemented in adegenet in r (Jombart & Ahmed, 2011) to evaluate the number of genetic clusters in the data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping‐in‐thousands by sequencing (GT‐seq) of noninvasive faecal and degraded samples: A new panel to enable ongoing monitoring of Canadian polar bear populations

Clemente-Carvalho¹,

Jensen

Groot

et al. 2022

Molecular Ecology Resources

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Genetic monitoring using noninvasive samples provides a complement or alternative to traditional population monitoring methods. However, next-generation sequencing approaches to monitoring typically require high quality DNA and the use of noninvasive samples (e.g., scat) is often challenged by poor DNA quality and contamination by nontarget species. One promising solution is a highly multiplexed sequencing approach called genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing (GT-seq), which can enable cost-efficient genomics-based monitoring for populations based on noninvasively collected samples. Here, we develop and validate a GT-seq panel of 324 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) optimized for genotyping of polar bears based on DNA from noninvasively collected faecal samples. We demonstrate (1) successful GT-seq genotyping of DNA from a range of sample sources, including successful genotyping (>50% loci) of 62.9% of noninvasively collected faecal samples determined to contain polar bear DNA; and (2) that we can reliably differentiate individuals, ascertain sex, assess relatedness, and resolve population structure of Canadian polar bear subpopulations based on a GT-seq panel of 324 SNPs. Our GT-seq data reveal spatial-genetic patterns similar to previous polar bear studies but at lesser cost per sample and through use of noninvasively collected samples, indicating the potential of this approach for population monitoring. This GT-seq panel provides the foundation for a noninvasive toolkit for polar bear monitoring and can contribute to community-based programmes -a framework which may serve as a model for wildlife conservation and management for species worldwide.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping‐in‐thousands by sequencing (GT‐seq) of noninvasive faecal and degraded samples: A new panel to enable ongoing monitoring of Canadian polar bear populations

Clemente-Carvalho¹,

Jensen

Groot

et al. 2022

Molecular Ecology Resources

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“…Interaction tourism with Amazonian crocodilians in Brazil (D'Cruze et al 2017, Carder et al 2018) and neighboring countries (Paquier et al 2006, Rosenblatt et al 2021) is a positive alternative in face of a long history of destructive use of these species (Smith 1981, Best 1984, Da Silveira and Thorbjarnarson 1999, Mendonça et al 2016). It provides economic benefit to the local community (Rosenblatt et al 2021), encourages conservation of Amazonian crocodilians by involving local communities, and decreases human–caiman conflict (Pierre et al 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approaching and handling are major human disturbances to animals undergoing interaction tourism, which may alter behavior (Lott and McCoy 1995, Bateman and Fleming 2017, Carder et al 2018, Szott et al 2019 a ) like increasing wariness in crocodilians subject to a tourism area (Paquier et al 2006) and physiological parameters that can interfere with the health of individuals in the wild and in captivity (Assis et al 2015, Szott et al 2019 b ). Wildlife tourism induces stress in some species (Bateman and Fleming 2017) more than others (Romero and Wikelski 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the effects of interaction ecotourism have been demonstrated for some vertebrate groups, especially mammals, few studies have been conducted on reptiles (Bateman and Fleming 2017) and none with crocodilians. Even though tourism with crocodilians is common place with some species in some regions, such as the saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ) in Australia and Malaysia (Ryan 1998, Macdonald et al 2017, Hassan et al 2018), American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) in the United States (Jones 2015, Riordan et al 2020), and black caiman and spectacled caiman in Guyana, French Guiana, and Brazil (Paquier et al 2006, D'Cruze et al 2017, Rosenblatt et al 2021), there have been no studies of stress triggered by interaction tourism with crocodilians. Cohen (2019) reported the 1‐sidedness of current studies on encounters between tourists and crocodilians, which prioritize people experiences but do not consider any biological effects on crocodilians.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Conservation implications of tourism and stress for Amazonian caimans

Mendonça,

Duncan,

Vidal

et al. 2023

J Wildl Manag

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Ecotourism is a strategy for biodiversity conservation, but it involves possible negative effects on animal health and welfare. Large predators such as crocodilians are one of the great public attractions sought after for tourist interactions. Interactions with wild animals and humans can hyperstimulate the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in the short term, in the case of crocodilians showing an increased corticosterone level, which is indicative of physiological stress. Between September and December 2019, we simulated interactions between tourists and Amazonian crocodilians at Anavilhanas National Park in Central Amazonia, Brazil to evaluate the effects of handling and use of photographic flashes on black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) and spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) on circulating corticosterone and lactate. Corticosterone levels increased 1.7‐fold during handling and 2.7‐fold when exposed to photographic flashes in black caiman but not in spectacled caiman. Increased corticosterone concentrations in black caiman were characterized by an increase caused by handling and were more intense after flashes than in controls, but the combination of handling and flash had no effect. During handling in simulated tourist interactions, anaerobic respiration increased lactate in black caiman but not in spectacled caiman. The effect of simulated tourist interactions with Amazonian crocodilians was dependent on the handling and especially on flash use in black caiman. The results can assist management, conservation programs, and public policies, especially in programs based on tourism interaction with Amazonian crocodilians.

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“…Polar bears exist throughout ice‐covered areas of the circumpolar Arctic in 19 subpopulations (Obbard et al, 2010). Research suggests that climate change may redistribute polar bears (Wiig et al, 2008), alter predator–prey dynamics (Hamilton et al, 2017), and change diet and energetics (Blanchet et al, 2020; Molnár et al, 2009; Pagano & Williams, 2021; Whiteman, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term assessment of relationships between changing environmental conditions and the physiology of southern Beaufort Sea polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

Fry

Friedrichs

Ketz

et al. 2023

Global Change Biology

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Climate change is influencing polar bear (Ursus maritimus) habitat, diet, and behavior but the effects of these changes on their physiology is not well understood. Blood‐based biomarkers are used to assess the physiologic health of individuals but their usefulness for evaluating population health, especially as it relates to changing environmental conditions, has rarely been explored. We describe links between environmental conditions and physiologic functions of southern Beaufort Sea polar bears using data from blood samples collected from 1984 to 2018, a period marked by extensive environmental change. We evaluated associations between 13 physiologic biomarkers and circumpolar (Arctic oscillation index) and regional (wind patterns and ice‐free days) environmental metrics and seasonal and demographic co‐variates (age, sex, season, and year) known to affect polar bear ecology. We observed signs of dysregulation of water balance in polar bears following years with a lower annual Arctic oscillation index. In addition, liver enzyme values increased over time, which is suggestive of potential hepatocyte damage as the Arctic has warmed. Biomarkers of immune function increased with regional‐scale wind patterns and the number of ice‐free days over the Beaufort Sea continental shelf and were lower in years with a lower winter Arctic oscillation index, suggesting an increased allocation of energetic resources for immune processes under these conditions. We propose that the variation in polar bear immune and metabolic function is likely indicative of physiologic plasticity, a response that allows polar bears to remain in homeostasis even as they experience changes in nutrition and habitat in response to changing environments.

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Polar bears: proceedings of the 18th working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, Anchorage, Alaska, 7-11 June 2016

Cited by 62 publications

References 62 publications

Genotyping‐in‐thousands by sequencing (GT‐seq) of noninvasive faecal and degraded samples: A new panel to enable ongoing monitoring of Canadian polar bear populations

Genotyping‐in‐thousands by sequencing (GT‐seq) of noninvasive faecal and degraded samples: A new panel to enable ongoing monitoring of Canadian polar bear populations

Conservation implications of tourism and stress for Amazonian caimans

Long‐term assessment of relationships between changing environmental conditions and the physiology of southern Beaufort Sea polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

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