Poisonous plants of veterinary and human importance in southern Africa

Botha, Charl P.; Penrith, Mary‐Louise

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.022

Cited by 126 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Putrescine Cadaverine Spermidine Spermine Pavettamine Gousiekte is regarded as one of the six most important plant toxicoses in South Africa (Botha and Penrith, 2008;Hurter et al, 1972). Progression in the study of gousiekte was hampered by the lack of premonitory signs displayed by affected animals, individual susceptibility of the animals to the plant toxin and the long latent period (5-8 weeks).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of toxic pavettamine and pavettamine conjugates in the gousiekte-causing Fadogia homblei plant and its relation to the bacterial endosymbiont

Elst¹,

Wyk²,

Schultz³

et al. 2013

Phytochemistry

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Plant poisoning of livestock is responsible for considerable economic losses in southern Africa.Six plant species of the Rubiaceae family are known to cause gousiekte, a cardiac syndrome of ruminants induced by ingestion of the toxic compound pavettamine. Progress in understanding the aetiology of this disease is largely hampered by the variable toxicity of the plants and the -2 -absence of a quantification method for pavettamine. The pavettamine concentration in leaf samples of Fadogia homblei, a known gousiekte causing plant, was analyzed by massspectrometry. In the most apical leaf pair, the highest concentration of pavettamine was detected. Distal leaves contained progressively less pavettamine. Besides a significant amount of free pavettamine, most pavettamine was found to occur in a conjugated form. To which molecules the pavettamine is conjugated remains unknown as is the function of conjugated pavettamine in the development of gousiekte. All know gousiekte-causing plants contain symbiotic bacteria in their leaves; it was hypothesized that these bacteria might be involved in the production of pavettamine. However, analysis of in vitro cultures of the Fadogia homblei endosymbiont revealed no production of pavettamine. Pavettamine is therefore not produced by the bacteria alone. It is either the product of the interaction with the plant or solely produced by the host.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of toxic pavettamine and pavettamine conjugates in the gousiekte-causing Fadogia homblei plant and its relation to the bacterial endosymbiont

Elst¹,

Wyk²,

Schultz³

et al. 2013

Phytochemistry

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“…Researchers emphasize that the most urgent and effective measures to be taken are prevention and education (dissemination to the community in general and to doctors) in order to reduce the number of accidents involving plants (Botha & Penrith 2008, Hoffman et al 2007, Rocha Silva & Takemura 2006. Certainly these aspects are very important and they will enable major advances in this issue, but, due to the lack of knowledge on the current situation locally and regionally, it is extremely important and necessary to work in greater depth, as proposed here, in order to diagnose the scenario and then plan future actions that would integrate interdisciplinarity, scientific research and community outreach.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 85% of cases the patients are children, especially those under six years with death due to ingestion of toxic plants representing 0.2% of all deaths by acute poisoning (Macías Peacok et al 2009). Chilean statistics show that children under six years were involved in 54% of consultations concerning poisoning by plants or fungi (Botha & Penrith 2008). In Brazil (San Pablo) the main plants responsible for poisoning (of children in particular) are Datura sp., Ricinus sp., Manihot sp.…”

Section: Ethnobotany Research and Applications 78mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…to solve, they depend on good diagnosis (Botha & Penrith 2008, Nájera 1993 (Freire et al 2005, Gallo 1987, Robles et al 2000, whereas in the case of pets, it has always been a topic of intense research by veterinarians due to the incidence of poisoning of young animals (Iramain et al 2008, Zeinsteger & Gurni 2004. In the partido of Bahía Blanca there are no previous reports on any issue concerning toxic plants, there being a general lack of knowledge on the importance of the subject.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Consequences of the Loss of Traditional Knowledge: The risk of injurious and toxic plants growing in kindergartens

Cuadra

Cambi

Rueda

et al. 2012

Ethnobot. Res. App.

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Education AbstractThe plant kingdom is a producer of poisons from a variety of toxic species. Nevertheless prevention of plant poisonings in Argentina is disregarded. As children are more affected, an evaluation of the dangerous plants present in kindergartens, and about the knowledge of teachers in charge about them, has been conducted. Floristic inventories and semi-structured interviews with teachers were carried out at 85 institutions of Bahía Blanca City. A total of 303 species were identified, from which 208 are considered to be harmless, 66 moderately and 29 highly harmful. Of the moderately harmful, 54% produce phytodematitis, and among the highly dangerous those with alkaloids and cyanogenic compounds predominate. The number of dangerous plants species present in each institution varies from none to 45. Kindergartens have no landscaping plan and the majority of teachers ignore the existence of toxic plants. Appropriate actions integrating education, prevention and valuation of the natural environment are needed. IntroductionAncient civilizations knew which plants were safe for human consumption and which were dangerous (Álvarez Arias 2000, Neuwinger 2004). This knowledge, transmitted orally from generation to generation, has almost been lost. As early as biblical times the fruits of some trees were associated with the concept of life, whereas others with death (Wagstaff 2008), underlining the close relationship between the history of toxic plants and traditional medicine (Al-Qura´n 2005). For a long time, nature was the only source of drugs, but, since the industrial revolution, people began to prefer synthetic products for pharmacological treatments. These changes took place in association with new habits of life, especially in highly industrialized western societies, where natural drugs are considPublished: April 07, 2012 Ethnobotany Research & Applications 78www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol10/i1547-3465-10-077.pdf plants under certain conditions, and can be of either inorganic or organic nature. Mineral compounds are formed and accumulated in the tissues as calcium oxalate, selenium, and nitrates; organic compounds are present in the form of: alkaloids, glycosides, toxalbumins, as well as extremely complex molecules that have not yet been identified (Board et al. 2000, Nájera 1993, Szpunar 2005.There are various hypotheses to explain the origin of toxic plant substances. They may be considered as waste products, intermediate products in metabolic processes or as secondary metabolites that fulfill non-essential functions in plants but intervene in plant/environment interactions. Some are pigments that give color to flowers and fruits, playing a fundamental role in reproduction by attracting insect pollinators or animals that contribute to seed dispersal. Others protect the plant from predators, acting as repellents due to their bitter taste and/or poisonous characteristics. They also intervene in the plants defense mechanisms against different pathogens, acting as natural pesticides. In some cases the e...

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“…As plantas tóxicas são consideradas em todo o mundo como causadoras de sérios prejuízos econômicos para a bovinocultura por causar processos deletérios em diversos sistemas (James et al 1992, Gava & Barros 1997, Botha & Penrith 2008, Cortinovis & Caloni 2013, Pessoa et al 2013. No Brasil, plantas de diversos gêneros são incriminadas como causadoras de elevada mortalidade de bovinos (Barros & Marques 2003, Pedroso et al 2007, Riet-Correa et al 2007, Assis et al 2010, Tokarnia et al 2012.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Megalocitose de células luteínicas grandes de vacas prenhes com seneciose crônica

et al. 2015

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Diversas espécies de Senecio estão amplamente difundidas nas pastagens de propriedades rurais do Sul do Brasil. Criadores dessa região relatam quedas nos índices reprodutivos dos rebanhos bovinos, muitas vezes de causas não determinadas. Várias plantas tóxicas são capazes de causar alterações reprodutivas diretas e indiretas em bovinos em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil, no entanto seus mecanismos patogenéticos ainda são pouco compreendidos. O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever lesões ovarianas em vacas com seneciose crônica proveniente de propriedades rurais da mesorregião Sudoeste Rio-grandense. Foram estudados 21 casos positivos de seneciose crônica diagnosticados entre 2011 e 2014. O estudo revelou que a seneciose crônica é a principal causa de morte de bovinos adultos na região. Quatro vacas prenhes apresentaram lesões hepáticas clássicas da intoxicação por Senecio spp. Essas vacas tiveram seus ovários avaliados histologicamente e células luteínicas grandes (CLG) desses ovários apresentavam megalocitose e pseudoinclusões nucleares. Algumas CLG apresentaram núcleos com até 23,69μm de diâmetro e o aumento no tamanho desses núcleos foi significativamente maior que os de vacas controle. Conclui-se que a intoxicação por Senecio spp. causa alterações ovarianas em vacas e é possível que a intoxicação cause perdas reprodutivas nos rebanhos bovinas da região.

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Poisonous plants of veterinary and human importance in southern Africa

Cited by 126 publications

References 24 publications

Production of toxic pavettamine and pavettamine conjugates in the gousiekte-causing Fadogia homblei plant and its relation to the bacterial endosymbiont

Production of toxic pavettamine and pavettamine conjugates in the gousiekte-causing Fadogia homblei plant and its relation to the bacterial endosymbiont

Consequences of the Loss of Traditional Knowledge: The risk of injurious and toxic plants growing in kindergartens

Megalocitose de células luteínicas grandes de vacas prenhes com seneciose crônica

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