Poisoning by <i>Gyromitra esculenta</i>–a review

Michelot, D.; Tóth, Béla

doi:10.1002/jat.2550110403

Cited by 90 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Symptoms begin 4-12 h after ingestion. Clinical progression is vomiting and diarrhea followed by neurological symptoms (vertigo, ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, convulsions, and coma) [2,29,30,42]. Hepatic necrosis, methemoglobinemia, hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis are also reported.…”

Section: Epileptogenic Syndromesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature

Graeme

2014

J. Med. Toxicol.

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Approximately 100 of the known species of mushrooms are poisonous to humans. New toxic mushroom species continue to be identified. Some species initially classified as edible are later reclassified as toxic. This results in a continually expanding list of toxic mushrooms. As new toxic species are identified, some classic teachings about mycetism no longer hold true. As more toxic mushrooms are identified and more toxic syndromes are reported, older classification systems fail to effectively accommodate mycetism. This review provides an update of myscetism and classifies mushroom poisonings by the primary organ system affected, permitting expansion, as new, toxic mushroom species are discovered.

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Section: Epileptogenic Syndromesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hepatic necrosis, methemoglobinemia, hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis are also reported. Jaundice may be noted [30,33,[42][43][44]. Approximately 10 % of patients poisoned will die [42].…”

Section: Epileptogenic Syndromesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature

Graeme

2014

J. Med. Toxicol.

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“…Agaritine from the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus and its relatives was the first natural hydrazide to be discovered (6). The false morel Gyromitra esculenta poisons foods and causes Gyromitra syndrome, probably via the toxic hydrazide gyromitrin and its degradation products, N-formyl-N-methylhydrazine and methylhydrazine (7). Other fungi and actinomycetes bacteria produce hydrazides that have potential antibiotic, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant properties (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrazidase, a Novel Amidase Signature Enzyme That Hydrolyzes Acylhydrazides

et al. 2015

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The degradation mechanisms of natural and artificial hydrazides have been elucidated. Here we screened and isolated bacteria that utilize the acylhydrazide 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 1-phenylethylidene hydrazide (HBPH) from soils. Physiological and phylogenetic studies identified one bacterium as Microbacterium sp. strain HM58-2, from which we purified intracellular hydrazidase, cloned its gene, and prepared recombinant hydrazidase using an Escherichia coli expression system. The Microbacterium sp. HM58-2 hydrazidase is a 631-amino-acid monomer that was 31% identical to indoleacetamide hydrolase isolated from Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Phylogenetic studies indicated that the Microbacterium sp. HM58-2 hydrazidase constitutes a novel hydrazidase group among amidase signature proteins that are distributed within proteobacteria, actinobacteria, and firmicutes. The hydrazidase stoichiometrically hydrolyzed the acylhydrazide residue of HBPH to the corresponding acid and hydrazine derivative. Steady-state kinetics showed that the enzyme hydrolyzes structurally related 4-hydrozybenzamide to hydroxybenzoic acid at a lower rate than HBPH, indicating that the hydrazidase prefers hydrazide to amide. The hydrazidase contains the catalytic Ser-Ser-Lys motif that is conserved among members of the amidase signature family; it shares a catalytic mechanism with amidases, according to mutagenesis findings, and another hydrazidase-specific mechanism must exist that compensates for the absence of the catalytic Ser residue. The finding that an environmental bacterium produces hydrazidase implies the existence of a novel bacterial mechanism of hydrazide degradation that impacts its ecological role.

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“…One example is the hemolytic toxin gyromitrin, which is produced by false morel mushrooms (9). An alkaloid containing a hydrazone has also been isolated from a marine sponge (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydrazones also involve many chiral building blocks, and they are applied in the agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries (15). Hydrazones with replacement of R 2 and R 3 with hydrogen atoms, as used herein, involve many synthetic and natural compounds (9,15,18), but most of their physiological roles and biosynthetic mechanisms are unknown. We recently found that the yeast Candida palmioleophila MK883 produces hydrazone dehydrogenase (HDH) and assimilates hydrazones, such as adipic acid bis(ethylidene hydrazide) (AEH) and valeric acid ethylidene hydrazide (VEH) (3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Group X Aldehyde Dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Degrade Hydrazones

et al. 2012

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Hydrazones are natural and synthetic compounds containing a C‫؍‬N-N moiety. Here we found that the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 produced NAD ؉ -or NADP ؉ -dependent hydrazone dehydrogenase (HDH), which converts hydrazones to the corresponding hydrazides and acids rather than to the simple hydrolytic product aldehydes. Gene cloning indicated that the HDH is part of the group X aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family, which is distributed among bacteria, although the physiological roles of the ALDH family remain unknown. The PAO1 strain upregulated HDH in the presence of the hydrazone adipic acid bis(ethylidene hydrazide) (AEH). Gene disruption of the HDH-encoding hdhA (PA4022) decreased growth rates in culture medium containing AEH as the sole carbon source, and this effect was more obvious in the double gene disruption of hdhA and its orthologous exaC (PA1984), indicating that these genes are responsible for hydrazone utilization. Recombinant proteins of group X ALDHs from Escherichia coli, Paracoccus denitrificans, and Ochrobactrum anthropi also acted as HDHs in that they produced HDH activity in the cells and degraded hydrazones. These findings indicated the physiological roles of group X ALDHs in bacteria and showed that they comprise a distinct ALDH subfamily.

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Poisoning by Gyromitra esculenta–a review

Cited by 90 publications

References 58 publications

Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature

Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature

Hydrazidase, a Novel Amidase Signature Enzyme That Hydrolyzes Acylhydrazides

Group X Aldehyde Dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Degrade Hydrazones

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