In this paper, we study holomorphic vector bundles over compact Gauduchon manifolds. Using the continuity method, we prove the existence of L p -approximate critical Hermitian structure. As its application, we show that a holomorphic vector bundle admits a Hermitian metric with negative mean curvature if and only if the maximum of slopes of all of its subsheaves is negative. Furthermore, we study the limiting behavior of the Hermitian-Yang-Mills flow. We prove the minimum of the smallest eigenvalue of the mean curvature is increasing along the Hermitian-Yang-Mills flow, while the maximum of the biggest eigenvalue is decreasing; we show that they converge to certain geometric invariants. Finally, we give some applications.