Points to Consider in Health Assessment of Adult Patients with Primary Antibody Deficiencies

Abstract

An improved recognition of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) is associated with an increase in life expectancy and a higher incidence of complications and related conditions. The aim of the study was to analyze factors enabling the primary prevention: BMI, smoking and selected laboratory tests (morphology with smear, creatinine, eGFR, total protein, albumin, ferritin, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin D3) included in the protocols of standard of care for adult patients with primary antibody deficiencies (PADs). The study included 94 participants ≥ 18 years old, diagnosed with PADs. Overweight was found in 17%, obesity in 14% and underweight in 15% of patients; 11.5% of patients smoked. Leukopenia was diagnosed in 16%, neutropenia in 8.5%, lymphopenia in 22.5% and thrombocytopenia in 14% of patients. A decreased concentration of hemoglobin was found in 32%, total protein in 19%, albumin in 17%, vitamin D3 in 52%, vitamin B12 in 6.5%, folic acid in 34% and ferritin in 26% of patients. Creatinine concentrations were elevated in 16% of patients, while in 20%, eGFR was reduced. Only a holistic assessment of comorbidities and complications of deficiency, as well as regular follow-up and lifestyle changes, can yield the best results in the long-term care of patients.

Immunomodulation through Nutrition Should Be a Key Trend in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

“…Research conducted by the author of this article on a group of patients with primary immunodeficiency revealed reduced hemoglobin concentration in 32%, total protein in 19%, albumin in 17%, vitamin D3 in 52% (despite recommended supplementation), vitamin B12 in 6.5%, folic acid in 34%, and ferritin in 26% of patients. It is important to note that the study was performed on a group of patients who regularly attend medical appointments and undergo periodical examinations [269]. Diabetes is a secondary immune deficiency, and patients who have been diagnosed with it should also be carefully examined for nutritional deficiencies.…”