Point-of-Care Testing in Community Pharmacies: Keys to Success From Pennsylvania Pharmacists

Steltenpohl, Emily A; Barry, Brandon K; Coley, Kim C.; McGivney, Melissa Somma; Olenak, Julie L.; Berenbrok, Lucas A.

doi:10.1177/0897190017735243

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Needs assessment can help pharmacies develop services that fit local communities and health systems by avoiding duplicative efforts that prompt competition. 17,26 Two studies examining community pharmacyebased GAS testing found that 43%-54% of the patients using the services did not have a primary care physician (PCP), and 38%-44% visited outside the traditional clinic hours. 9,27 Approximately one-third of the community pharmacies in Wisconsin are located in areas with known primary care shortages, as determined by an analysis of the DSPS list.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This includes identifying the staffing, pharmacy technician role, time, workflow, space requirements, and patient privacy necessary for a successful POCT program and considering how the pharmacy could be restructured to meet these needs. 17,26 The managers spoke to the importance of this in the interviews, identifying a re-examination of schedules and workflow and a readjustment of physical space, technology, and equipment as key strategies for implementing POCT. Innovative practice models are being examined to help pharmacies grapple with the issue of how to address logistical constraints.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Steltenpohl et al 17 examined the successful implementation of POCT in Pennsylvania community pharmacies. Six community pharmacies offering POCT participated in qualitative interviews through which the researchers identified key tools for successful implementation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A state-level needs analysis of community pharmacy point-of-care testing

Gallimore¹,

Porter²,

Barnett³

et al. 2021

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association

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Background: The uptake of point-of-care testing (POCT) within community pharmacies at state and national levels is largely unknown despite the endorsement and advocacy efforts of pharmacy organizations, recent legislative advances, and numerous models for successful POCT implementation within individual pharmacy sites.Objectives: The study aimed to describe the current landscape of POCT in Wisconsin community pharmacies and identify opportunities for the advancement of testing and the key factors influencing the realization of these opportunities. Methods: A survey was administered over the telephone to pharmacy managers of community pharmacies in Wisconsin. The sites were randomly selected from predefined geographic regions to mirror pharmacy distribution across Wisconsin. The survey items evaluated provision of POCT, future direction of POCT, barriers and motivators to offering POCT, and pharmacy demographics. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyze data. Results: Pharmacy managers from 147 of the 938 registered community pharmacies (15.7%) participated in the survey. Only 17.1% of the pharmacies were offering POCT; however, 48.3% of managers reported that their pharmacy would likely implement or expand POCT within the next 5 years. The most commonly reported barriers to initiating or expanding POCT were the limitations on pharmacist availability to oversee testing and workflow restrictions. Continuing to advance the pharmacy profession was a top reason for offering or expanding testing services. Discussion: While few pharmacies are offering POCT in Wisconsin, there is motivation for expansion in coming years. Understanding, anticipating and addressing common barriers can faciliate this process. Conclusion: This needs analysis offers a blueprint for researchers, educators, and clinicians to shape POCT efforts by examining the landscape of pharmacy-based testing in their own states and communities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A state-level needs analysis of community pharmacy point-of-care testing

Gallimore¹,

Porter²,

Barnett³

et al. 2021

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association

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“…105 A CLIA-waived test is designed for screening, monitoring, or diagnosis outside of a laboratory setting and are used within a community pharmacy setting. 106 …”

Section: Community Pharmacy In the Usmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary healthcare policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in the United States

Salgado¹,

Rosenthal²,

Coe³

et al. 2020

Pharm Pract (Granada)

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The United States (US) has a complex healthcare system with a mix of public, private, nonprofit, and for-profit insurers, healthcare institutions and organizations, and providers. Unlike other developed countries, there is not a single payer healthcare system or a national pharmaceutical benefits scheme/plan. Despite spending over USD 10,000 per capita in healthcare, the US is among the worst performers compared to other developed countries in outcomes including life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, safety during childbirth, and unmanaged chronic conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes). Primary care is delivered by physicians and advanced practice providers (i.e., nurse practitioners and physician assistants) in a variety of settings including large health systems, federally qualified health centers or free clinics that provide care to the underserved, or specific facilities for veterans or American Indian and Alaska native peoples. Since 2010, primary care delivery has shifted toward providing patient-centered, coordinated, comprehensive care focused on providing proactive, rather than reactive, population health management, and on the quality, versus volume, of care. Community pharmacy comprises a mix of independently owned, chain, supermarket and mass merchant pharmacies. Community pharmacies provide services such as immunizations, medication therapy management, medication packaging, medication synchronization, point-of-care testing and, in specific states where legislation has been passed, hormonal contraception, opioid reversal agents, and smoking cessation services. There has been criticism regarding the lack of standard terminology for services such as medication synchronization and medication therapy management, their components and how they should be provided, which hampers comparability across studies. One of the main challenges for pharmacists in the US is the lack of provider status at the federal level. This means that pharmacists are not allowed to use existing fee-for-service health insurance billing codes to receive reimbursement for non-dispensing services. In addition, despite there being regulatory infrastructure in multiple states, the extent of service implementation is either low or unknown. Research found that pharmacists face numerous barriers when providing some of these services. State fragmentation and the lack of a single pharmacy organization and vision for the profession are additional challenges.

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“…Community pharmacists are also well-suited for health screenings to prevent disease and progression and help diagnose new diseases (i.e., type 2 diabetes). Community pharmacy-based point-of-care testing (POCT) such as blood glucose testing and rapid strep testing has shown to help manage chronic disease and acute illness with a good cost-to-benefit ratio, allowing for considerable cost savings for both public and government-funded medical systems [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Perceptions and Improvement Approaches of Pharmaceutical Care Capacity of Community Pharmacists: A Quantitative Analysis Based on Survey Data at Chinese Chain Pharmacies

Tang

Lhamu

Hua

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Background: The benefits of patient-focused pharmaceutical care in improving clinical outcomes and reducing health expenditure have been well documented. However, these services are not fully implemented in many developing countries like China, especially in the community setting at chain pharmacies. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted at nine chain pharmacies in eight provinces of China in late 2019 to assess the difference in attitude, perceived barriers, and expected facilitators of Chinese community pharmacists to deliver pharmaceutical care, as well as their willingness to develop the competencies based on age, education level, and seniority. A quantitative analysis of responses was undertaken by using nonparametric (Kruskal–Wallis) and chi-square tests (followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test). Results: A total of 1260 community pharmacists were enrolled in the survey. In total, 16.3% of participant pharmacists often felt that lack of ability had a negative impact on work especially when providing comprehensive medication guidance (39.0%); 44.4% were unsatisfied with academic degrees; 85.8% were “very willing” to improve ability of pharmaceutical care while only 46.9% and 38.4% regarded traditional practice and continuing education as of lots of help, respectively. Main barriers in capacity enhancement were linked to conflict with daily work (35.4%), conflict with family life (21.9%), and poor memories (15.3%). The most welcomed facilitators to enhance pharmaceutical care development included professional skills training (28.4%), self-study of online resources (20.3%), and adult education in universities (15.6%). Community pharmacists of different age, education level, and seniority held significantly different opinions on the above aspects (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Chinese community pharmacists showed a positive attitude towards capacity enhancement in pharmaceutical care. Specific efforts and reforms should be made to improve the professionalism and to remove barriers based on their age, different education level, and seniority.

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Point-of-Care Testing in Community Pharmacies: Keys to Success From Pennsylvania Pharmacists

Abstract: Successful POC testing services in community pharmacy practice rely on utilizing resources, partnering with known physicians, selecting meaningful tests for patients, and analyzing finances, workflow, and marketing to provide individualized attention and convenient care.

Cited by 17 publications

References 11 publications

A state-level needs analysis of community pharmacy point-of-care testing

A state-level needs analysis of community pharmacy point-of-care testing

Primary healthcare policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in the United States

Current Perceptions and Improvement Approaches of Pharmaceutical Care Capacity of Community Pharmacists: A Quantitative Analysis Based on Survey Data at Chinese Chain Pharmacies

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