Point-of-care C-reactive protein test results in acute infections in children in primary care: an observational study

Abstract

Background Acute infections are a common reason for children to consult primary care. Serious infections are rare but differentiating them from self-limiting illnesses remains challenging. This can lead to inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing is used to guide antibiotic prescribing in adults. However, in children its use remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess point-of-care CRP test levels with respect to patients’ characteristics, care setting, preliminary diagnosis, and management. Methods A prospective observational study was performed in children with an acute infection presenting to ambulatory care in Belgium. Results In this study 8280 cases were analysed, of which 6552 had a point-of-care CRP value available. A total of 276 physicians participated. The median patient age was 1.98 years (IQR 0.97 to 4.17), 37% of children presented to a general practitioner, 33% to a paediatric out-patient clinic, and 30% to the emergency department. A total of 131 different preliminary diagnoses were found, with acute upper airway infection as the most frequent. In 6% (n = 513) patients were diagnosed with a serious infection. The most common serious infection was pneumonia. Antibiotics were prescribed in 28% (n = 2030) of all episodes. The median CRP over all infectious episodes was 10 mg/L (IQR < 5–29). Children below 5 years of age and those presenting to a paediatrician had a higher median CRP. Median CRP in patients with serious infections was 21 mg/L (IQR 6 to 63.5). Pneumonia had a median CRP of 48 mg/L (IQR 13–113). In the episodes with antibiotics prescription, median CRP level was 29 mg/L (IQR 10–58) compared to 7 mg/L (IQR < 5–19) when they were not prescribed. Conclusion A low POC CRP as a standalone tool did not seem to be sufficient to rule out serious infections, but its potential in assessing serious infections could increase when integrated in a clinical decision rule. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02024282 (registered on 31/12/2013).

Procalcitonin and Presepsin as Markers of Infectious Respiratory Diseases in Children: A Scoping Review of the Literature

“…CRP is one of the primary blood markers used in suspected infections; however, it is relatively non-sensitive and nonspecific, as it can be elevated in many non-infectious conditions [ 62 ], there is also no unanimous consensus on the cutoff values to be used in pediatrics for the differential diagnosis of infections. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated in pediatric populations that low CRP levels are not sufficient to rule out invasive bacterial infections [ 63 ]. Therefore, relying solely on this marker for decision-making regarding the necessity of antibiotic treatment is not advisable.…”