PoEWAL: A lightweight consensus mechanism for blockchain in IoT

Raghav, .; Andola, Nitish; Venkatesan, S.; Verma, Shekhar

doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2020.101291

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…[86] NS-3 Consensus processing time, implementation cost (hardware implementation area), power consumption [87] N/A Storage cost [88] Python & NS-3 Storage cost, block propagation time, number of calculations [89] N/A Storage cost [90] Cooja Number of transactions mined, latency, consensus time, energy consumption [91] C The increment of the Flash and RAM memory occupation and the average network latency [92] Hyperledger Storage efficiency, computational cost, communication cost [93] Ethereum Computational complexity, communication overhead [94] N/A CPU usage, memory usage, transactions performance [95] Matlab Consensus algorithm complexity, consensus efficiency [96] N/A Transaction throughput, memory usage, CPU utilization, bandwidth consumption [97] N/A Resource utilization, consensus delay [98] Ethereum Blockchain size, CPU and memory overhead, storage latency, PKI latency [99] Ethereum Storage cost, computational cost [100] N/A Computational cost, communication overhead [101] Hyperledger Transactions per second, consensus delay, communication times [102] Hyperledger Transactions per second, scalability, storage cost, block weight N/A Transactions per second [103] Hyperledger Scalability, storage cost, transactions delay, processing time [104] N/A DAG consensus: cumulative weights, number of tips, simulation time [106] Python Transaction confirmation overhead, validation overhead [107] Matlab Operating capability under the symmetric and asymmetric information environments [108] Python Authentication delay, application delay, network usage and energy consumption [109] Ethereum Gas cost, response time [110] Python Storage overhead, consensus latency [111] Hyperledger Transfer speed, migration time [112] Ethereum Disk usage, memory allocation, CPU usage, throughput, power consumption [113] NS3 Cryptography computational cost [114] N/A Power consumption, CPU usage, block transmission cost, message transmission overhead [114] Java Computational cost, storage, communication overhead, consensus delay...…”

Section: A Lightweight Blockchain Technical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Literature Review of Lightweight Blockchain for IoT

et al. 2022

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The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an essential part of our society. IoT devices are used in our houses, hospitals, cars, industry, etc., making our lives easier. Nonetheless, there are a number of serious concerns about security, privacy and performance issues in IoT. It has been proven that the aforementioned issues are strictly related to the high degree of centralisation of current IoT architecture. Thus, there is an increasing interest in adopting blockchain in IoT. However, blockchain adoption is not straightforward due to the power, storage and computational limitations of IoT. Consequently, the concept of lightweight blockchain is getting more and more attention from researchers and engineers. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review on the lightweight blockchain concept for IoT following the PRISMA methodology. We systematically analyse "lightweight blockchain for IoT" proposals in order to better understand the limitations of blockchain for IoT, the characteristics of the current work on this topic and further research opportunities. Specifically, we analyse the definition of lightweight blockchain that other authors give, the characteristics of the reviewed proposals, their "lightweight" aspects and their evaluation. Finally, we discuss the results of the review along with further research opportunities. Consequently, this work is mostly focused on understanding the technical and performance-related aspects of blockchain for IoT as a prelude to more specific analysis such as security (i.e., attacks, vulnerabilities, etc.).

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Section: A Lightweight Blockchain Technical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Literature Review of Lightweight Blockchain for IoT

et al. 2022

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“…Onireti proposed a consensus algorithm for consortium chain in IoT scenario [7]. In view of the high energy consumption of blockchain's built-in consensus algorithm, [8][9] proposed lightweight and rolebased consensus method, which reduces the response delay and the probability of malicious nodes. Although the consensus is lighter, the broadcast traffic problem has not been fundamentally solved.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Trusted IoT Communication Architecture Based on Blockchain and Named Data Network

Sun

Chen

Fang

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The trusted cross-domain sharing capability of the Internet of Things (IoT) terminals needs to be improved urgently. Aiming at the technical issues of routing overhead and authentication security of data sharing of IoT devices, this paper proposes a trusted transmission architecture for network-chain collaboration. Introduce the mobile edge computing (MEC) platform in named data network (NDN) to deploy blockchain light nodes and improve the PBFT consensus algorithm. Besides, a cross-domain authentication algorithm based on elliptic curve encryption is proposed. Simulation results show that the improved PBFT and cross-domain authentication algorithm can effectively improve IoT cross-domain sharing capabilities.

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“…Raghav et al [ 29 ] described the drawbacks of using blockchain technology in IoT devices network as high energy consumption, massive computation requirement, and high latency of blockchain-based consensus algorithms. Concerning the respective issues, a lightweight trust-free probabilistic consensus algorithm proof of elapsed work and luck (PoEWAL) is developed for IoT devices network environment that consumes less energy and has low latency.…”

Section: A Review Of the State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on the Adoption of Blockchain for IoT Devices in Supply Chain

Baig

Sunny

Alqahtani

et al. 2022

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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The integration of blockchain and IoT enables promising solutions in decentralized environments in contrast with centralized systems. The blockchain brings forth features such as fault tolerance, security, and transparency of the data in IoT devices. As there is requirement of consensus among the network nodes to agree on a single-state-of-ledger, nonetheless, the extensive computational requirement for the consensus protocol becomes a limitation in resource-constrained IoT devices with limited battery, computation, and communication capabilities. This study proposes an empirical approach on the adoption of blockchain in a supply chain environment. Furthermore, a modified version of the Raft consensus protocol is proposed for use in supply-chain environment on the permissioned blockchain Hyperledger. In Raft consensus protocol, each transaction is directed to the leader node that transmits it to the follower nodes, making the leader node the bottleneck thus inhibiting the scalability and throughput of the system. This also results in high latency for the network. The modified RAFT consensus protocol (mRAFT) is based on the idea of utilizing the idle follower nodes in disseminating the vote requests and log replication messages. A detailed empirical evaluation of the solution built on Hyperledger Caliper is performed to demonstrate the applicability of the system. The improved workload division on the peers boosts the throughput and latency of the system in ordering service that enhances the overall efficiency of the system.

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PoEWAL: A lightweight consensus mechanism for blockchain in IoT

Cited by 32 publications

References 12 publications

A Systematic Literature Review of Lightweight Blockchain for IoT

A Systematic Literature Review of Lightweight Blockchain for IoT

A Trusted IoT Communication Architecture Based on Blockchain and Named Data Network

A Study on the Adoption of Blockchain for IoT Devices in Supply Chain

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