Pockets of Poverty: The Long-Term Effects of Redlining

Appel, Ian; Nickerson, Jordan

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2852856

Cited by 71 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The lack of access to wealth via homeownership had a powerful influence on real estate markets. People of color were deprived of an important path to wealth accumulation in many urban areas across the US (21,25,26).…”

Section: Results Of Further Tests and Robustness Checksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1933, the US Congress created the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) to assist Americans struggling to pay their mortgages in the wake of the Great Depression. To guide lending criteria, the HOLC developed neighborhood appraisal maps for 239 urban areas, ranking the perceived risk of investing in particular neighborhoods using a color-coded scale of "A" (green), "B" (blue), "C" (yellow), and "D" (red) (21). Appraisals were based primarily on an area's demographic characteristics and the age and physical condition of its housing stock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

Locke

Hall

Grove

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Redlining was a racially discriminatory housing policy established by the federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930s. For decades, redlining limited access to homeownership and wealth creation among racial minorities, contributing to a host of adverse social outcomes, including high unemployment, poverty, and residential vacancy, that persist today. While the multigenerational socioeconomic impacts of redlining are increasingly understood, the impacts on urban environments and ecosystems remains unclear. To begin to address this gap, we investigated how the HOLC policy administered 80 years ago may relate to present-day tree canopy at the neighborhood level. Urban trees provide many ecosystem services, mitigate the urban heat island effect, and may improve quality of life in cities. In our prior research in Baltimore, MD, we discovered that redlining policy influenced the location and allocation of trees and parks. Our analysis of 37 metropolitan areas here shows that areas formerly graded D, which were mostly inhabited by racial and ethnic minorities, have on average ~23% tree canopy cover today. Areas formerly graded A, characterized by U.S.-born white populations living in newer housing stock, had nearly twice as much tree canopy (~43%). Results are consistent across small and large metropolitan regions. The ranking system used by Home Owners’ Loan Corporation to assess loan risk in the 1930s parallels the rank order of average percent tree canopy cover today.

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Section: Results Of Further Tests and Robustness Checksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

Locke

Hall

Grove

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…73 Of the over two hundred cities the HOLC mapped, former Grade A neighborhoods are still overwhelmingly (91 percent) white and in higher income brackets, and 75 percent of Grade D neighborhoods remain communities of color (African American and Latinx) and in lower income brackets. 74 This holds true in Syracuse. We overlaid the current SCSD K-8 and other elementary and middle schools onto the 1937 HOLC map (see Figure 1).…”

Section: Then and Now: Redlining And Syracusementioning

confidence: 95%

Enclaves of Privilege: Access and Opportunity for Students with Disabilities in Urban K-8 Schools

Ashby¹,

White²,

Ferri³

et al. 2020

Hist. of Ed. Quarterly

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Middle grades education has been the object of efforts to remediate US education to address an array of social problems. Districts have sought out K-8 models to create smaller learning communities, require fewer school transitions, and allow sustained student connections. This paper offers a historical analysis of K-8 schools, drawing on statistical and spatial methods and a DisCrit intersectional lens to illustrate how creating K-8 schools produced enclaves of privilege in one urban school district. K-8 schools in our target district became whiter and wealthier than district averages. Students with disabilities attending K-8 schools tended to be placed in more inclusive classrooms, where they were more likely to be integrated alongside nondisabled peers than counterparts attending traditional middle schools. We consider how the configuration of K-8 schools, which could be considered an administrative decision to better serve students, has obscured interworkings of power and privilege.

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“…is shi of focus in PD is timely, as racist practices in urban policy and planning shape the character of communities [13,15,29] and these e ects are largely unaccounted for in theorizing of PD Without a handle on race, PD risks compounding racist legacies under the title of design. For example, Erete and Burrell studied technology use as a means of mobilization over a three-year period in a low-income Chicago neighborhood and found that technolog on its own could not increase neighborhood members' political voice in local governance [37].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Gets to Future?

O'Leary

Zewde²,

Mankoff

et al. 2019

Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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is paper draws on a collaborative project called the Africatown Activation to examine the role design practices play in contributing to (or conspiring against) the ourishing of the Black community in Sea le, Washington. Speci cally, we describe the e orts of a community group called Africatown to design and build an installation that counters decades of disinvestment and ongoing displacement in the historically Black Central Area neighborhood. Our analysis suggests that despite e orts to include community, conventional design practices may perpetuate forms of institutional racism: enabling activities of community engagement that may further legitimate racialized forms of displacement. We discuss how focusing on amplifying the legacies of imagination already at work may help us move beyond a simple reading of design as the solution to systemic forms of oppression.

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Pockets of Poverty: The Long-Term Effects of Redlining

Cited by 71 publications

References 27 publications

Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

Enclaves of Privilege: Access and Opportunity for Students with Disabilities in Urban K-8 Schools

Who Gets to Future?

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