Pneumonia part 1: pathology, presentation and prevention

Driver, Carolyn

doi:10.12968/bjon.2012.21.2.103

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Admission for LRI was higher than for URI, consistent with other studies conducted in hospital setting, qualifying LRI as the second cause of morbidity and the fourth leading cause of mortality in all age groups in 2013 with a high burden related to pneumonia [ 19 – 21 ]. However, URI has long been regarded as the most frequent RI in community [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Trends and health burden of hospitalized acute respiratory infections and impact of Haemophilus influenza immunization in a Tunisian university hospital: a twelve-year study

Fredj

Dhouib

Kacem

et al. 2020

Libyan Journal of Medicine

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Background: We aimed to describe the episodes and trends of admissions for communityacquired Respiratory Infections (RI) over a 12-year period and to assess the impact of Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) vaccine on RI admissions in children aged up to 3 years. Methods: We conducted a twelve-year retrospective observational study on all communityacquired RI admitted to Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital in Monastir Governorate (Tunisia) from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2013. RI cases were selected from the Regional Registry of Hospital Morbidity. Data were coded according to ICD-10. To assess the impact of the Hib vaccine, three cohorts were defined based on vaccine status (unvaccinated cohort, first vaccinated cohort (VC) by monovalent form and second VC by pentavalent combination). Results: Admissions for RI represented 17.6% (CI95%: 17.3-18.1) of all communicable diseases hospitalizations (n = 6 061/34 289). The crude incidence rates (CIR) per 100,000 inh were 24.2 for upper RI (URI) and 77.5 and for Lower RI (LRI) (p < 0.0001). Pneumonias represented 53.9% of LRI. Sex-ratio (male/female) was 1.12 for URI and 1.64 for LRI (p < 0.0001). At admission, the median age was 22 years (IQR: 3-52). Admission for Pneumonia increased significantly during study period (slope 'b' = 5.16; p < 0.0001) especially in children up to 5 years old (slope 'b' = 5.53) and in elderly (slope 'b' = 2.13). Among children up to 3 years old, the CIRs per 100,000 for Hib pneumonia admission were 11.6 in Non-Vaccinated Cohort (NVC), 10.6 in Vaccinated Cohort (VC) by protocol 1 (Hib Vaccine monovalent) and 0.80 in VC by protocol 2 (pentavalent vaccine combination).The relative risk reduction was 99% for protocol 2 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Admissions for RI in a tertiary level hospital were common with an increasing trend. The Hib immunization program, in particular the pentavalent combination, has had a positive impact on the reduction of related acute diseases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Trends and health burden of hospitalized acute respiratory infections and impact of Haemophilus influenza immunization in a Tunisian university hospital: a twelve-year study

Fredj

Dhouib

Kacem

et al. 2020

Libyan Journal of Medicine

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“…It is well-known that inflammation can damage the normal lung structure and cause exudation of inflammatory products (Driver, 2012). Through the histopathological observation, we found that magnoflorine inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells and restrained the alveolar structural damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnoflorine Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Suppressing NF-κB and MAPK Activation

Guo

Jiang

et al. 2018

Front. Pharmacol.

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Acute lung injury (ALI) which is featured by a strong pulmonary inflammation, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Magnoflorine, a quaternary alkaloid isolated from Chinese herb Magnolia or Aristolochia, has been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of magnoflorine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice has not been reported. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of magnoflorine on LPS-induced ALI and elucidate its possible molecular mechanisms in RAW264.7 cells. The results of histopathological changes as well as the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity indicated that magnoflorine significantly alleviated the lung injury induced by LPS. In addition, qPCR results showed that magnoflorine dose-dependently decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Immunofluorescence assay also confirmed that the level of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induced by LPS was inhibited by magnoflorine treatment. Further experiments were performed using Western blotting to detect the expression of related proteins in the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The results showed that magnoflorine suppressed the levels of phosphorylated p65, IκBα, p38, ERK, and JNK. In conclusion, all data indicate that magnoflorine could protect against LPS-induced inflammation in ALI at least partially by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

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“…It is estimated that more than 150 million cases occur annually among children under 5 years old, leading to approximately 2 million deaths each year ( 1 ). Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract disease characterized by an intense inflammatory response, which results in increased lung edema, loss of respiratory area, and can lead to respiratory impairment and death ( 2 – 4 ). It can be caused by several pathogens, such as virus, fungi, and bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Metabolic Sensor GPR43 Receptor Plays a Role in the Control of Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in the Lung

et al. 2018

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Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death and mortality worldwide. The inflammatory responses that follow respiratory infections are protective leading to pathogen clearance but can also be deleterious if unregulated. The microbiota is known to be an important protective barrier against infections, mediating both direct inhibitory effects against the potential pathogen and also regulating the immune responses contributing to a proper clearance of the pathogen and return to homeostasis. GPR43 is one receptor for acetate, a microbiota metabolite shown to induce and to regulate important immune functions. Here, we addressed the role of GPR43 signaling during pulmonary bacterial infections. We have shown for the first time that the absence of GPR43 leads to increased susceptibility to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, which was associated to both uncontrolled proliferation of bacteria and to increased inflammatory response. Mechanistically, we showed that GPR43 expression especially in neutrophils and alveolar macrophages is important for bacterial phagocytosis and killing. In addition, treatment with the GPR43 ligand, acetate, is protective during bacterial lung infection. This was associated to reduction in the number of bacteria in the airways and to the control of the inflammatory responses. Altogether, GPR43 plays an important role in the “gut–lung axis” as a sensor of the host gut microbiota activity through acetate binding promoting a proper immune response in the lungs.

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Pneumonia part 1: pathology, presentation and prevention

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Trends and health burden of hospitalized acute respiratory infections and impact of Haemophilus influenza immunization in a Tunisian university hospital: a twelve-year study

Trends and health burden of hospitalized acute respiratory infections and impact of Haemophilus influenza immunization in a Tunisian university hospital: a twelve-year study

Magnoflorine Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Suppressing NF-κB and MAPK Activation

The Metabolic Sensor GPR43 Receptor Plays a Role in the Control of Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in the Lung

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