Pneumonia in pediatric outpatients: Cause and clinical manifestations

Tumer, Ronald B.; Lande, Arthur E.; Chase, Patricia A.; Hilton, Nancy; Weinberg, Diana

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80066-5

Cited by 128 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…These results may corroborate previously reported etiological rates; in previous studies, the rate has been reported as 43% to 85% (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Identification of respiratory viral infection agents by multiplex real-time PCR among children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in Konya province

Sert¹,

Keşli²,

Odabaş³

et al. 2012

Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg

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“…These results may corroborate previously reported etiological rates; in previous studies, the rate has been reported as 43% to 85% (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Identification of respiratory viral infection agents by multiplex real-time PCR among children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in Konya province

Sert¹,

Keşli²,

Odabaş³

et al. 2012

Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg

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“…The frequency of claims was converted into a frequency of pneumonia episodes using the average number of medical visits (n=2.2) recorded in our retrospective study of cases of pneumonia in children younger than 10 years of age in Quebec and Manitoba (from the microcosting study of otitis and pneumonia described later). The proportion of pneumonia attributable to S pneumoniae was set at 22% based on values found in published studies (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and Economic Burden of Pneumococcal Disease in Canadian Children

Petit

Wals

Law

et al. 2003

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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BACKGROUND: With the arrival of a new conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, it is important to estimate the burden of pneumococcal diseases in Canadian children. The epidemiological data and the economic cost of these diseases are crucial elements in evaluating the relevance of a vaccination program. METHODS: Using provincial databases, ad hoc surveys and published data, age-specific incidence rates of pneumococcal infections were estimated in a cohort of 340,000 children between six months and nine years of age. The costs of these diseases to the health system and to families were also evaluated using data from Quebec and Manitoba. RESULTS: Cumulative risks were one in 5000 for pneumococcal meningitis, one in 500 for bacteremia and one in 20 for pneumonia, leading to 16 deaths in the cohort. About 262,000 otitis media episodes and 32,000 cases of myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion were attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Societal costs were estimated at $125 million, of which 32% was borne by the health system and 68% was borne by families. Invasive infections represented only 2% of total costs, while 84% were generated by otitis media. CONCLUSION: Pneumococcal infections represent a significant burden for Canadian children and society that could be significantly reduced through immunization.

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“…It was reported that bacterial pneumonia cannot be differentiated from viral pneumonia on the basis of a patient's characteristics, routine laboratory tests, or chest radiographic findings (32,33). White blood cell count or serum CRP levels sometimes help to differentiate between bacterial or viral infection (1,3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility Of The Serum C - Reactive Protein And Procalcitonin For Detection Of Occult Bacterial Infection In 3-36 Month Old Children

Ayhan;ÖKTEM¹

2008

Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası

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Aim:To assess the utility of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and Procalcitonin (PCT) as a screening method for occult bacterial infection (OBI) in 3-36 month old children. Materials and Methods:Febrile children, who were admitted to emergency department with ages ranging from 3 to 36 months, temperatures > 38.3°C, and clinically undetectable source of fever, were enrolled in this study. Sex, age, degree of fever, Yale Observation Scale (YOS) score, antibiotic treatment and hospitalization were recorded at the time of the initial evaluation. Routine urine analysis, white blood cell count (WBC) count, CRP and PCT determination tests were performed at the initial evaluation. Viral serology was done and patients having specific IgM positivity during the acute phase and/or a four-fold increase in specific IgG titer during convalescence phase were considered to be positive. A chest radiograph, blood culture and urine cultures were taken from all patients. The patients were divided into two groups: OBI group and viral infection group. These two groups were compared for each predictor.Results: There were 10 patients with OBI, six with urinary tract infection two with pneumonia, one with bacterial meningitis and one with bacteremia and 16 patients with viral infection, (five Adenovirus, five Respiratory syncytial virus, four Enterovirus, one Parainfluenza type 1, one Epstein-Barr virus. Regarding the CRP values, there was no statistical difference between OBI and viral infection groups (respectively, median 44.84 mg/L and 23.3 mg/L, p=0.097), but PCT values were significantly higher in OBI group (respectively, median 2.38 ng/mL and 0.28 ng/mL, p=0.014). Conclusion:This study showed that PCT is superior than CRP in detecting OBI and could be used for screening purposes in pediatric emergency departments while elevated levels might be found in some viral infections. Key Words: Occult bacterial infection, C-reactive protein, ProcalcitoninAmaç: Üç-36 ay arası gizli bakteriyel enfeksiyon riski taşıyan hastaların saptanmasında C-reaktif proteinin (CRP) ve Prokalsitoninin (PCT) kullanılabilirliğini saptamak. Gereç ve Yöntem:Yaşları 3-36 ay arası olan, 38.3 o C üzerinde ateş yüksekliği şikayeti ile acil servise başvuran ve ateş odağı saptanamayan hastalar çalışmaya alındı. Başvuru anında, cinsiyetleri, yaşları, ateş yüksekliğinin derecesi, Yale Gözlem Ölçeği (YGÖ) skoru, hastaneye yatma ve antibiyotik başlanma durumları kaydedildi. Başvuru anında, rutin idrar analizi, beyaz küre sayıları, CRP ve PCT'nin düzeylerinin ölçümü için testler yapıldı. Viral serolojik inceleme yapıldı ve akut faz dö-nemindeki spesifik IgM pozitifliği ve/veya konvalasan fazda spesifik IgG düzeylerinde 4 katlık artış pozitif olarak kabul edildi. Tüm hastalardan kan kültürü, idrar kültürü yapıldı ve akciğer grafileri çekildi. Hastalar gizli bakteriyal enfeksiyon ve viral enfeksiyon grubu olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldı. İki grup verileri her bir belirleyici açısından karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Gizli bakteriyel enfeksiyonlu 10 hastada, altı idrar yolu enfeksiyonu,...

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Pneumonia in pediatric outpatients: Cause and clinical manifestations

Cited by 128 publications

References 21 publications

Identification of respiratory viral infection agents by multiplex real-time PCR among children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in Konya province

Identification of respiratory viral infection agents by multiplex real-time PCR among children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in Konya province

Epidemiological and Economic Burden of Pneumococcal Disease in Canadian Children

Utility Of The Serum C - Reactive Protein And Procalcitonin For Detection Of Occult Bacterial Infection In 3-36 Month Old Children

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