Pneumonia in Older Adults

Abstract

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Nationwide trends in pneumonia hospitalization rates and mortality, Denmark 1997–2011

“…Between the late 1980s and the mid-2000s, pneumonia-associated hospitalizations increased by 20e50% in the United States and Europe, including Denmark [2e6], even after adjusting for population ageing [3e6]. These trends appear paradoxical in light of smoking cessation campaigns and increased uptake of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among high-risk groups [7,8]. Up-to-date European national data are lacking on nationwide trends in pneumonia rates following introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) in 2007 and other preventive initiatives in Europe during the later 2000s [9,10].…”

Increased risk of pneumonia associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) rs4340 polymorphism

“…Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by different types of germs, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and is one of the main reasons for a large number of deaths worldwide [1]. Therefore, it is considered that besides demographics and comorbidities, genetic factors play an important role in the susceptibility to and severity of pneumonia.…”

Unmet Needs for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe or Hospitalized Community-Acquired Pneumonia

“…Hospitalization rates for pneumonia have increased in the elderly, and the proportion of patients with codiagnosed chronic disease has risen 7 ; comorbid diseases increase the severity of illness and adversely influence the outcome of pneumonia. 8 Risk factors linked to a poor prognosis of CAP include: age Ͼ65, diabetes, renal disease, congestive heart failure, lung disease, alcoholism, malignancy, malnutrition, and swallowing disorders. 8 Worldwide antimicrobial resistance to commonly encountered respiratory tract pathogens (eg, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae) has risen, 9,10 and risk of infection by these and other resistant pathogens is increased by older age and the presence of multiple comorbidities.…”

“…8 Risk factors linked to a poor prognosis of CAP include: age Ͼ65, diabetes, renal disease, congestive heart failure, lung disease, alcoholism, malignancy, malnutrition, and swallowing disorders. 8 Worldwide antimicrobial resistance to commonly encountered respiratory tract pathogens (eg, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae) has risen, 9,10 and risk of infection by these and other resistant pathogens is increased by older age and the presence of multiple comorbidities. 11 Infections caused by resistant bacteria lead to higher hospitalization rates, increased rates of illness and death, greater lengths of hospital stay, and outcomes depend on the type of antimicrobial therapy.…”