Pneumonia: Drug-Related Problems and Hospital Readmissions

Abstract

Pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases and the fourth leading cause of death globally. According to US statistics in 2019, pneumonia is the most common cause of sepsis and septic shock. In the US, inpatient pneumonia hospitalizations account for the top 10 highest medical costs, totaling $9.5 billion for 960,000 hospital stays. The emergence of antibiotic resistance in the treatment of infectious diseases, including the treatment of pneumonia, is a globally alarming problem. Antibiotic resistance increases the risk of death and re-hospitalization, prolongs hospital stays, and increases treatment costs, and is one of the greatest threats in modern medicine. Drug-related problems (DRPs) in pneumonia - such as suboptimal antibiotic indications, prolonged treatment duration, and drug interactions - increase the rate of antibiotic resistance and adverse effects, thereby leading to an increased burden in treatment. In a context in which novel and effective antibiotics are scarce, mitigating DRPs in order to reduce antibiotic resistance is currently a prime concern. A variety of interventions proven useful in reducing DRPs are antibiotic stewardship programs, the use of biomarkers, computerized physician order entries and clinical decision support systems, and community-acquired pneumonia scores.

Coral Reefs Detecting with Artificial Neural Network Classification and PlanetScope Imagery in Cu Lao Xanh Island, Binh Dinh province

“…Soft corals are numerous here, accounting for a significant amount of the coral cover composition on the reef in various areas, such as the western section near the dock and the southwest part of the island. On the other hand, the results of coral distribution in this study are similar to the study of Long (2016) [26].…”

“…The area of coral reefs in Cu Lao Xanh Island is approximately 64.73 ha. The southern part of the island has the highest coverage of hard coral (40.5%), while the west of the island mainly comprises of soft coral fluctuating from 20.5 to 40.5 [26]. However, under the influence of storms, new outbreaks of spiny starfish, pollution, destructive fishing, tourism, and reef development [26,27].…”

“…The southern part of the island has the highest coverage of hard coral (40.5%), while the west of the island mainly comprises of soft coral fluctuating from 20.5 to 40.5 [26]. However, under the influence of storms, new outbreaks of spiny starfish, pollution, destructive fishing, tourism, and reef development [26,27]. Besides, the lack of monitoring hinders effective management and conservation of coral reefs in this area [28].…”

“…The survey was carried out on 10 and 11 May 2022 because the sea is typically calm during this month, which ensures the safety of collecting data on coral reefs. To save time and money, this study used distribution data of corals and seagrasses from the research of Nguyen Van Long (2016) to identify locations to visit during fieldwork [26].…”

Topological Photonic Crystals: Physics, Designs, and Applications

“…Recently, the bilayer photonic crystals have attracted many researchers’ attention. [ 399–406 ] Bilyer photonic crystals provide a platform to study the novel physical properties in bilayer systems with Moire superlattices.…”