“…The clinical specimen from broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) or transbronchial biopsy remains the gold standard, but those procedures are invasive, require special skills, cost-prohibitive, and not all hospitals have the facilities. Therefore, sputum induction with hypertonic saline is recommended because it is easier, cheaper, less invasive, and has good equality in diagnosis (Choe et al, 2014;Kaur et al, 2015). An elevated level of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is frequently associated with PCP in HIV-infected patients, documented in 90% of patients (Vogel et al, 2011).…”