Pneumocystis jirovecii in solid organ transplant recipients: updates in epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Abstract

Purpose of review This review highlights the epidemiology of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients, advancements in the diagnostic landscape, and updates in treatment and prevention. Recent findings The increasing use of immune-depleting agents in the context of solid organ transplantation has given rise to P. jirovecii pneumonia in this population. The use of prophylaxis has dramatically reduced risk of infection; however, late-onset infections occur after cessation of prophylaxis and in the setting of lymphopenia, advancing patient age, acute allograft rejection, and cytomegalovirus infection. Diagnosis requires respiratory specimens, with PCR detection of Pneumocystis replacing traditional staining methods. Quantitative PCR may be a useful adjunct to differentiate between infection and colonization. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is gaining attention as a noninvasive diagnostic tool. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the drug of choice for treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Novel antifungal agents are under investigation. Summary P. jirovecii is a fungal opportunistic pathogen that remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Early detection and timely treatment remain the pillars of management.