Pneumocystis: from a doubtful unique entity to a group of highly diversified fungal species

Chabé, Magali; Aliouat-Denis, Cécile-Marie; Delhaès, Laurence; Aliouat, El Moukhtar; Viscogliosi, Éric; Dei‐Cas, Eduardo

doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00698.x

Cited by 60 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 156 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…As mentioned before, one notable component of the lung mycobiota of a healthy individual is Pneumocystis spp. [135]. New molecular surveys are revealing that Pneumocystis is carried at low levels, even in healthy individuals.…”

Section: Fungi Inhabiting the Respiratory Tract: The Lung Mycobiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human holobiomes are networks of mutualistic interactions between human cells and complex communities of bacteria and fungi that colonize the human body. The immune system must tolerate colonization with commensal bacteria and fungi but defend against invasion by either organism. Molecular ecological surveys of the human prokaryotic microbiota performed to date have revealed a remarkable degree of bacterial diversity and functionality. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the eukaryotic composition of the microbiota. In this review, we describe the ecology and the human niches of our fungal "fellow travelers" in both health and disease, discriminating between passengers, colonizers, and pathogens based on the interaction of these fungi with the human immune system. We conclude by highlighting the need to reconsider the etiology of many fungal and immune-related diseases in the context of the crosstalk between the human system and its resident microbial communities.Keywords: Dysbiosis r Fungal metagenomics r Host-microbe interaction r Mycobiota IntroductionHumans live in close association with a complex community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea [1][2][3], which inhabit their bodies. Many groups have surveyed these microbial populations using the so-called "next generation" or "deep" sequencing approaches, revealing that the human microbiota differs radically at various body sites and among individuals [2][3][4]. The differences in the human microbiota are influenced by the availability of nutrients, environmental exposure to microorganisms, and other sitespecific features, such as the immunological makeup of a given location. The origin of differences in the microbiota between individuals potentially reflects different patterns of colonization early in life (reviewed in [5]), different dietary regimens [6,7], and different environmental exposures, such as antibiotic use [8,9]. Recently, the application of deep sequencing approaches have genCorrespondence: Dr. Duccio Cavalieri e-mail: duccio.cavalieri@fmach.it erated novel hypotheses about the microbial determinants underlying human disorders of immune origin (reviewed in [10]). Several metabolites of the interaction between diet and host microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids, have been shown to play a fundamental role in shaping immune responses (reviewed in [11]). The application of microbial ecology concepts is ultimately leading to the conclusion that health and disease can be understood only through an understanding of the ways in which the symbiotic interactions between microbes and human organs harmonically integrate in the context of the hologenome [12].Human microbial diversity is not limited to bacteria; microorganisms such as fungi also play major roles in the stability of microbial communities in human health and disease (reviewed in [13]). Yeasts were detected in human stool samples as far back as 1917, and by the mid-20th century the presence of yeasts in the human intestine was proposed to have a saprotrophic role [14]....

show abstract

Section: Fungi Inhabiting the Respiratory Tract: The Lung Mycobiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[135]. New molecular surveys are revealing that Pneumocystis is carried at low levels, even in healthy individuals.…”

Section: Fungi Inhabiting the Respiratory Tract: The Lung Mycobiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…De nos jours, la pneumocystose reste [10]. De plus, les études récentes sur la coévolution des Pneumocystis et de leurs hôtes témoignent de l'adaptation très ancienne de ces parasites aux mammifères [11,12].…”

Section: Pneumocystis Et Pneumocystose Aujourd'huiunclassified

“…De plus, les études récentes sur la coévolution des Pneumocystis et de leurs hôtes témoignent de l'adaptation très ancienne de ces parasites aux mammifères [11,12]. Ainsi, le genre Pneumocystis regroupe des populations génétiquement isolées, qui ont subi un long processus d'adaptation à chaque espèce de mammifère, entraînant une spé-ciation [10]. Le statut des populations naturelles des organismes du genre Pneumocystis conforte ainsi la définition biologique d'espèce [13,14].…”

Section: Pneumocystis Et Pneumocystose Aujourd'huiunclassified

“…En consé-quence, les organismes du genre Pneumocystis doivent actuellement être décrits en tant qu'espèces et nommés comme telles [15]. À l'heure actuelle, cinq espèces ont été décrites : P. jirovecii chez l'homme, P. carinii et P. wakefieldiae chez le rat (Rattus norvegicus), P. murina chez la souris (Mus musculus), et P. oryctolagi chez le lapin (Oryctolagus cuniculus) [10]. Cette étroite spécificité parasitaire indique que les êtres humains ne peuvent pas contracter une infection par Pneumocystis à partir d'une source animale : la PcP n'est donc pas une zoonose (Tableau I) mais une anthroponose.…”

Section: Pneumocystis Et Pneumocystose Aujourd'huiunclassified

See 1 more Smart Citation

La transmission des infections àPneumocystis

2012

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pneumocystis

Kaneshiro

Limper

2011

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pneumocystis is a genus of opportunistic fungal pathogens, which cause a type of pneumonia by proliferating extracellularly in the lung alveoli in immunodeficient mammalian hosts. In immune suppressed patients, such as in those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and individuals undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for cancer or organ transplantation, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) continues to represent an important cause of opportunistic infection, respiratory failure and death. The epidemiology, taxonomy and life cycle features as well as issues related to the transmission of Pneumocystis organisms, initiation of infection, organism interactions with the host and the pathogenesis of PcP are areas of research activities. Good culture methods are not available for sustained in vitro cultivation of any species of Pneumocystis , which is currently viewed as a major challenge to performing experiments on these organisms and precludes genetic manipulations. However, several studies have revealed important insights into the biology of this group of organisms. Key Concepts: Pneumocystis represents a genus of opportunistic fungi that can colonise healthy mammals (transient infections) and cause severe pneumonia in immune compromised mammals. Genetic studies reveal closest phylogeny of Pneumocystis to the ascomycetous fungi and molecular and biochemical studies further indicate that Pneumocystis represents a unique and diverse group of organisms. Each species of Pneumocystis infects a specific mammalian host (host species‐specific) and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the association of Pneumocystis species with their mammalian host species is among the longest known example of coevolution. Pneumocystis undergoes asexual and sexual reproduction; most organisms within the mammalian lung are haploid organisms. Pneumocystis organisms attach to type I lung epithelial cells and proliferate extracellularly in the alveolar spaces. PcP is characterised by intense tissue inflammation that leads to respiratory insufficiency, and can be fatal without treatment. Colonisation by P. jirovecii has been implicated as a comorbidity factor in patients with other pulmonary disorders and those undergoing therapies that affect the host's immune system.

show abstract

Pneumocystis: from a doubtful unique entity to a group of highly diversified fungal species

Cited by 60 publications

References 156 publications

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

La transmission des infections àPneumocystis

Pneumocystis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About