Pml Nuclear Body Disruption Cooperates in APL Pathogenesis, Impacting DNA Damage Repair Pathways

Abstract

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is driven by the oncogene PML-RARA which is generated by fusion of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) genes, and which strongly interferes with downstream signalling and the architecture of multiprotein structures known as PML nuclear bodies (NBs). NB disruption is a diagnostic hallmark of APL, yet the significance of this phenomenon to disease pathogenesis and treatment response remains poorly understood. The majority of APL patients can now be cured with combination therapy with arsenic trioxide (ATO) and ATRA (All Trans-Retinoic Acid), which synergize promoting re-formation of disrupted Pml NBs. To date, the importance of NB disruption has only been studied in vitro. To address this, we generated a knock-in mouse model with targeted NB disruption achieved through mutation of key zinc-binding cysteine residues (C62A/C65A) in the RING domain of Pml. Homozygous PmlC62A/C65A mice are viable, and developmentally normal. At a cellular level, Pml NB disruption was confirmed and treatment with ATO was associated with defective Pml SUMOylation and degradation. A key feature of APL fusion proteins is the capacity to homodimerise (mediated by the fusion partner e.g. PML), which is not a feature of wild-type RARα. This forced homodimerisation of RARα has been shown to be critical for APL pathogenesis. We investigated whether Pml NB disruption could cooperate in vivo with forced RARα homodimerisation (mediated artificially by linking RARα to the dimerisation domain of the NFκB p50 subunit). While no leukemias arose in PmlC62A/C65A mice, p50-RARα mice expressing PmlC62A/C65A presented a doubling in the rate of leukemia development (p<0.0001) compared to PmlWT-p50-RARα, leading to a penetrance comparable to that observed in previously published PML-RARα transgenic models. Moreover, the latency period to onset of leukemia was significantly reduced in the context of NB disruption (p=0.008). ATRA treatment significantly improved the survival of mice transplanted with PmlWT-p50-RARα or Pml-RARα leukemic blasts, but not with PmlC62A/C65A-p50-RARα. These data reveal not only the key role of PML-RARα expression-induced NB disruption in APL development, but also the importance of re-formation of NBs for an effective response to differentiating drug. While formation of the PML-RARA fusion is considered an initiating event in APL pathogenesis, it is insufficient for the full leukemic phenotype. Exome sequencing studies have consistently identified presence of cooperating mutations. Since Pml and Pml NB have established roles in DNA repair and in the maintenance of genomic stability, we speculated that loss of NB integrity could affect these functions. Whole exome sequencing revealed a pattern of higher genomic instability in PmlC62A/C65A-p50-RARα leukemia as compared to PmlWT-p50-RARα, with detection of mutations found in human APL, including Kras, Ptpn11 and Usp9y. Using DNA repair reporter assays, we demonstrated that DNA repair via both non-homologous end joining (NHEJ; p=0.01) and homologous recombination (HR; p=0.006) pathways was less efficient in PmlC62A/C65A primary cells than in PmlWT cells. Importantly, using a PML-RARα-inducible cell line, comparable defects in the NHEJ and HR pathways, which were PML-RARα dependent, were identified. These data were also supported by an increase in sister-chromatid exchange (p<0.0001) and chromosome abnormality (p=0.0002) in the context of PmlC62A/C65A versus PmlWT. Interestingly, the kinetic of repair of ionising radiation (IR)-induced DNA double-strand breaks, assessed by analysis of γH2AX foci formation and clearance, was not affected. None of the DNA repair players analysed (e.g. Blm, Rad51 and 53BP1) failed to form foci in response to IR. However, their basal levels of foci were significantly greater in the presence of PmlC62A/C65A (p<0.04; quantified using Amnis ImageStreamX Mk II imaging flow cytometer). Additionally, we found that Rad51 foci showed a defect in localisation post-IR when PmlC62A/C65A was expressed, with impairment of Rad51 co-localisation and interaction with γH2AX. Altogether, our data therefore highlight the significant contribution of Pml NB to the effectiveness of DNA damage repair processes, and the manner in which their disruption mediated by the PML-RARα oncoprotein can assist APL pathogenesis. Disclosures Hills: TEVA: Honoraria. Grimwade:TEVA: Research Funding.

ZYH005, a novel DNA intercalator, overcomes all-trans retinoic acid resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia

“…Therefore, defects in the DDR have been exploited therapeutically in the treatment of cancer with DNA-binding chemotherapies and PARP inhibitors ( 2 , 73 ). Compromised DDR has been found in APL ( 25 , 27 , 28 ), indicating that APL cells may be sensitive to DNA-binding drugs. Associated with this, before the introduction of ATRA and ATO for APL, the first-line therapy for APL was DNA intercalators (daunorubicin, doxorubicin, idarubicin) plus the DNA synthesis inhibitor cytarabine (Ara-C), and the complete remission rate was as high as 75% ( 23 , 74 ).…”

“…Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is the M3 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with 98% of patients harboring the t(15;17) chromosomal translocation, involving the fusion of the genes encoding PML (promyelocytic leukemia) and RARα (retinoic acid receptor alpha) ( 23–26 ). In addition, impaired homologous recombination (HR) ( 25 , 27 , 28 ), non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair ( 25 ) and base excision repair (BER) ( 27 ) pathways have been found in APL, all of which are considered essential contributors to APL pathogenesis. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) are PML-RARα targeting drugs that bind to the RARα and PML moieties, respectively.…”

A PML/Slit Axis Controls Physiological Cell Migration and Cancer Invasion in the CNS

“…As observed in vivo, PML À/À cells are impaired in migration using transwell assays ( Figure 3F). Moreover, cells derived from a PML knockin mutant mouse (Cys62Ala/Cys65Ala; PML RingMut) lacking PML-NBs (Voisset et al, 2016) displayed a migration defect similar to that of PML À/À cells ( Figure 3G), suggesting that the pro-migratory role of PML is PML-NB dependent. Finally, supernatants from PML À/À cultures impaired the migration capacity of PML +/À cells, potentially implicating a soluble factor (or factors) in the cell-migratory phenotype of PML-deficient cells ( Figure 3H).…”