PM2.5 chemical composition in five European Mediterranean cities: A 1-year study

Salameh, Dalia; Detournay, A.; Pey, Jorge; Pérez, Noemí; Liguori, Francesca; Saraga, Dikaia; Bove, Maria Chiara; Brotto, Paolo; Cassola, Federico; Massabò, Dario; Latella, A.; Pillon, Silvia; Formenton, Gianni; Patti, Salvatore; Armengaud, Alexandre; Piga, Damien; Jaffrezo, Jeań Luc; Bartzis, John G.; Tolis, Evangelos I.; Prati, P.; Querol, Xavier; Wortham, Henri; Marchand, Nicolas

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.12.001

Cited by 140 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…However, the concentrations of NO À 3 (3.20 ± 3.23 mg/m 3 ) and NH þ 4 (2.24 ± 1.69 mg/m 3 ) are still higher than for four European cities along the densely populated Mediterranean Sea (Barcelona, Marseille, Genoa, and Thessaloniki; cf. Salameh et al, 2015) or a central European rural site in the Czech Republic (Schwarz et al, 2016, Table 3). …”

Section: Water-soluble Ion Composition Of Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the pollution control measures on PM2.5 during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade: Implication from water-soluble ions and sulfur isotope

Han

Guo

Liu

et al. 2016

Environmental Pollution

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a b s t r a c tAir pollution by particulate matter is a serious problem in Beijing. Strict pollution control measures have been carried out in Beijing prior to and during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade in order to improve air quality. This distinct event provides an excellent opportunity for investigating the impact of such measures on the chemical properties of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter 2.5 mm (PM 2.5 ). The water-soluble ions as well as sulfur and oxygen isotopes of sulfate in PM 2.5 collected between August 19 and September 18, 2015 (n ¼ 31) were analyzed in order to trace the sources and formation processes of PM 2.5 in Beijing. The results exhibit a decrease in concentration of water-soluble ions in PM 2.5 including aerosol sulfate. In contrast, the mean values of d 34 S sulfate (4.7 ± 0.8‰ vs. 5.0 ± 2.0‰) and d 18 O sulfate (18.3 ± 2.3‰ vs. 17.2 ± 6.0) in PM 2.5 during the air pollution control period and the non-source control period exhibit no significant differences, which suggests that despite a reduction in concentration, the sulfate source remains identical for the two periods. It is inferred that the decrease in concentration of sulfate in PM 2.5 mainly results from variations in air mass transport. Notably, the air mass during the pollution control period originated mainly from north and northeast and changed to southerly directions thereafter. The sulfur and oxygen isotopes of the sulfate point to coal combustion as the major source of sulfate in PM 2.5 from the Beijing area.

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Section: Water-soluble Ion Composition Of Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the pollution control measures on PM2.5 during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade: Implication from water-soluble ions and sulfur isotope

Han

Guo

Liu

et al. 2016

Environmental Pollution

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“…2(a)-2(d)). The chemical mass closure was calculated followed the methodology described in Salameh et al (2015). The non-sea salt sulfate was calculated from the measured sulfate minus the sea-salt 2-= 0.252 × Na + ).…”

Section: Chemical Mass Closurementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10) in Doha, Qatar

Saraga

Maggos

Sadoun³

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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ABSTRACTΤhe extreme weather conditions in Middle East Area led to the construction of tightly sealed, air conditioned buildings, characterized by indoor air quality deterioration. This study presents the results of chemical characterization of outdoor and indoor PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Doha city, over a two-month period including normal days and dust events, aiming at identifying the factors affecting the indoor air of an office building. The WHO guideline values were exceeded in 100% of the outdoor measurements. 49% of the days of the sampling campaign were characterized as non-dusty (PM 10 < 200 µg m ). The contribution of both dust and anthropogenic emissions sources is depicted in particles' mass and chemical composition. The elevated -especially outdoor-levels of carbonate carbon indicate the presence of crustal matter originating from the surrounding crustal material. OC/EC values reveal possible combined contribution from secondary organic aerosol, trafficrelated sources and re-suspended dust. The influence of anthropogenic emissions is implied by the predominance of nitrate and sulfate ions, which constitute a substantial percentage of the particle mass. The crustal origin of particles is also depicted in metals. However, the higher enrichment factor values which may imply anthropogenic activities of both the outdoor and indoor environment were determined sequentially for Cd, Pb, As, Cu and Zn, suggesting the role of infiltration. Concluding, the indoor to outdoor relationship is significantly influenced by particles infiltration and penetration into the building mainly through the ventilation system and to a lesser extent, through windows or cracks in the building envelope. Although the low indoor to outdoor ratio underlies the predominance of outdoor levels compared to the indoor ones, there is positive correlation between indoor and outdoor PM, during the days that the building was open to the public and employees.

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“…Arid conditions, combined with high solar radiation and photochemical conversion rates significantly enhance air pollution mostly in the form of PM 2.5 and O 3 . The highest particulate matter (PM) concentrations are generally found in southern and eastern Europe and attributed to diverse emission sources such as industry, traffic, resuspended dust, shipping emissions and African dust intrusions (Karanasiou et al, 2011(Karanasiou et al, , 2014(Karanasiou et al, , 2007(Karanasiou et al, , 2009; Lelieveld et al, 2002;Querol et al, 2004;Rodríguez et al, 2007;Salameh et al, 2015). A number of studies have reported that in rural environments in the Mediterranean, airborne PM and ammonium sulfate concentrations undergo a seasonal cycle characterised by a summer maximum (Bergametti et al, 1989;Kubilay and Saydam, 1995;Querol et al, 1998a, b;Rodríguez et al, 2001Rodríguez et al, , 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and mixing state of summertime background aerosol in the north-western Mediterranean basin

et al. 2017

Self Cite

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Abstract. An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was employed to provide real-time single particle mixing state and thereby source information for aerosols impacting the western Mediterranean basin during the ChArMEx-ADRIMED and SAF-MED campaigns in summer 2013. The ATOFMS measurements were made at a ground-based remote site on the northern tip of Corsica.Twenty-seven distinct ATOFMS particle classes were identified and subsequently grouped into eight general categories: EC-rich (elemental carbon), K-rich, Na-rich, amines, OC-rich (organic carbon), V-rich, Fe-rich and Carich particles. Mass concentrations were reconstructed for the ATOFMS particle classes and found to be in good agreement with other co-located quantitative measurements (PM 1 , black carbon (BC), organic carbon, sulfate mass and ammonium mass). Total ATOFMS reconstructed mass (PM 2.5 ) accounted for 70-90 % of measured PM 10 mass and was comprised of regionally transported fossil fuel (EC-rich) and biomass burning (K-rich) particles. The accumulation of these transported particles was favoured by repeated and extended periods of air mass stagnation over the western Mediterranean during the sampling campaigns. The single particle mass spectra proved to be valuable source markers, allowing the identification of fossil fuel and biomass burning combustion sources, and was therefore highly complementary to quantitative measurements made by Particle into Liquid Sampler ion chromatography (PILS-IC) and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), which have demonstrated that PM 1 and PM 10 were comprised predominantly of sulfate, ammonium and OC. Good temporal agreement was observed between ATOFMS EC-rich and K-rich particle mass concentrations and combined mass concentrations of BC, sulfate, ammonium and low volatility oxygenated organic aerosol (LV-OOA). This combined information suggests that combustion of fossil fuels and biomass produced primary EC-and OC-containing particles, which then accumulated ammonium, sulfate and alkylamines during regional transport.Three other sources were also identified: local biomass burning, marine and shipping. Local combustion particlesPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. (emitted in Corsica) contributed little to PM 2.5 particle number and mass concentrations but were easily distinguished from regional combustion particles. Marine emissions comprised fresh and aged sea salt: the former was detected mostly during a 5-day event during which it accounted for 50-80 % of sea salt aerosol mass, while the latter was detected throughout the sampling period. Dust was not efficiently detected by the ATOFMS, and support measurements showed that it was mainly in the PM 2.5-10 fraction. Shipping particles, identified using markers for heavy fuel oil combustion, were associated with regional emissions and represented only a small fraction of PM 2.5 particle number and mass concentration at the site.

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PM2.5 chemical composition in five European Mediterranean cities: A 1-year study

Cited by 140 publications

References 107 publications

Effect of the pollution control measures on PM2.5 during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade: Implication from water-soluble ions and sulfur isotope

Effect of the pollution control measures on PM2.5 during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade: Implication from water-soluble ions and sulfur isotope

Chemical Characterization of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10) in Doha, Qatar

Sources and mixing state of summertime background aerosol in the north-western Mediterranean basin

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