PM2.5-bound PAHs in three indoor and one outdoor air in Beijing: Concentration, source and health risk assessment

Chen, Ying; Li, Xinghua; Han, Yingjie; Lv, Dong

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.214

Cited by 114 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…After considering the same winter period (November and December) as in our study, the average values reported for Xi'an city (31-33 ng m -3 ) were higher than our results. In contrast, our average value was comparable to those reported in a recent study in Beijing, ranging from 21 to 38 ng m -3 in cold months (Feng et al, 2018), whilst in the previous study of Chen et al 2017, they reported an average of 31.4 ng m -3 for outdoor air in Beijing in winter.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 82%

Variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidative derivatives in wintertime Beijing, China

zein¹,

Dunmore²,

Ward³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Ambient particulate matter (PM) can contain a mix of different toxic species derived from a wide variety of sources. This study quantifies the variation in diurnal and nocturnal abundance of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 Oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and 9 Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in ambient PM in central Beijing during winter. Target compounds were identified and quantified using Gas Chromatography &#8211; time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-Q-TOF-MS). The total concentration of PAHs varied between 18 and 297&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3 over 3&#8201;h daytime filter samples and from 23 to 165&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3 in 15&#8201;h night-time samples. The total concentrations of PAHs over 24&#8201;h varied between 37 and 180&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3 (mean: 97&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3). The total daytime concentrations during high particulate loading conditions for PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs were 224, 54, and 2.3&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3, respectively. The most abundant PAHs were fluoranthene (33&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3), chrysene (27&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3), pyrene (27&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3), benzo(a)pyrene (27&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3), benzo[b]fluoranthene (25&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3), benzo[a]anthracene (20&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3) and phenanthrene (18&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3). 9,10-Anthraquinone (18&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3), 1,8 Naphthalic anhydride (14&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3) and 9-Fluorenone (12&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3) were the three major OPAHs species, while 9-Nitroanthracene (0.84&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3), 3-Nitrofluoranthene (0.78&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3) and 3-Nitrodibenzofuran (0.45&#8201;ng&#8201;m&#8722;3) were the three most abundant NPAHs. &#8721;PAHs and &#8721;OPAHs showed a strong positive correlation with the gas phase abundance of NO, CO, SO2, and HONO indicating that PAHs and OPAHs can be associated with both local and regional emissions. Diagnostic ratios suggested emissions from traffic road and coal combustion were the predominant sources for PAHs in Beijing, and also revealed the dominant source of NPAHs was secondary photochemical formation rather than primary emissions. PM2.5 and NPAHs showed a strong correlation with gas phase HONO. 9-Nitroanthracene appeared to undergo a photodegradation during the daytime and has shown a strong positive correlation with ambient HONO (R&#8201;=&#8201;0.90, P&#8201;<&#8201;0.001). The lifetime excess lung cancer risk for the species with available toxicological data (16 PAHs, 1 OPAH and 6 NPAHs) was calculated to be in the range 10&#8722;5 to 10&#8722;3 (risk per million people range from 26 to 2053).

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Section: Exposure Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 82%

Variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidative derivatives in wintertime Beijing, China

zein¹,

Dunmore²,

Ward³

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is easier for people to access the real-time concentration of atmospheric PM 2.5 via media. The health hazard of PM 2.5 is mainly caused by chemicals on particulates [39,40]. However, the data on the composition characteristics of local PM 2.5 and the impact of mass concentration were rarely mentioned.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Reduction Behaviors Regarding PM2.5 Exposure among Outdoor Exercisers in the Nanjing Metropolitan Area, China

Xiong

Xia

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Aims: This study aimed to describe risk reduction behaviors regarding ambient particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) among outdoor exercisers and to explore potential factors influencing those behaviors in the urban area of Nanjing, China. Method: A cross-sectional convenience sample survey was conducted among 302 outdoor exercisers in May 2015. Descriptive analysis was used to describe demographics, outdoor physical activity patterns, knowledge of PM2.5 and risk reduction behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then used to explore factors that influence the adoption of risk reduction behaviors. Results: The most common behavior to reduce PM2.5 exposure was minimizing the times for opening windows on hazy days (75.5%), and the least common one was using air purifiers (19.3%). Two thirds of respondents indicated that they wore face masks when going outside in the haze (59.5%), but only 13.6% of them would wear professional antismog face masks. Participants adopting risk reduction behaviors regarding PM2.5 exposure tended to be females, 50–60 year-olds, those with higher levels of knowledge about PM2.5 and those who had children. Conclusions: These findings indicate the importance of improving knowledge about PM2.5 among outdoor exercisers. Educational interventions should also be necessary to guide the public to take appropriate precautionary measures when undertaking outdoor exercise in high PM2.5 pollution areas.

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“…4 identify traffic emissions and in particular petrol engines as the major emitter of PAHs. In PM 2.5 , the five-and six-ring PAH species (BaP, IcdP, BghiP) were previously attributed to petrol engines, while lower-molecular-weight species with three rings (ACY, AC, FLU, PHE, ANT) and four rings (FLT, PYR, BaA, CHR) were closely related to diesel vehicle emissions (Chiang et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2014, and references therein). Previous studies in Beijing and Guangzhou in China suggested similar contributions from coal and petroleum combustion, focusing on vehicular traffic (petrol and diesel) as potential sources of PAHs (Gao and Ji, 2018;Liu et al, 2015;Wu et al, 2014, Niu et al, 2017.…”

Section: Diagnostic Ratios To Identify Emission Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidative derivatives in wintertime Beijing, China

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Ambient particulate matter (PM) can contain a mix of different toxic species derived from a wide variety of sources. This study quantifies the diurnal variation and nocturnal abundance of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and 9 nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in ambient PM in central Beijing during winter. Target compounds were identified and quantified using gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-Q-ToF-MS). The total concentration of PAHs varied between 18 and 297 ng m−3 over 3 h daytime filter samples and from 23 to 165 ng m−3 in 15 h night-time samples. The total concentrations of PAHs over 24 h varied between 37 and 180 ng m−3 (mean: 97±43 ng m−3). The total daytime concentrations during high particulate loading conditions for PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs were 224, 54 and 2.3 ng m−3, respectively. The most abundant PAHs were fluoranthene (33 ng m−3), chrysene (27 ng m−3), pyrene (27 ng m−3), benzo[a]pyrene (27 ng m−3), benzo[b]fluoranthene (25 ng m−3), benzo[a]anthracene (20 ng m−3) and phenanthrene (18 ng m−3). The most abundant OPAHs were 9,10-anthraquinone (18 ng m−3), 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (14 ng m−3) and 9-fluorenone (12 ng m−3), and the three most abundant NPAHs were 9-nitroanthracene (0.84 ng m−3), 3-nitrofluoranthene (0.78 ng m−3) and 3-nitrodibenzofuran (0.45 ng m−3). ∑PAHs and ∑OPAHs showed a strong positive correlation with the gas-phase abundance of NO, CO, SO2 and HONO, indicating that PAHs and OPAHs can be associated with both local and regional emissions. Diagnostic ratios suggested emissions from traffic road and coal combustion were the predominant sources of PAHs in Beijing and also revealed the main source of NPAHs to be secondary photochemical formation rather than primary emissions. PM2.5 and NPAHs showed a strong correlation with gas-phase HONO. 9-Nitroanthracene appeared to undergo a photodegradation during the daytime and showed a strong positive correlation with ambient HONO (R=0.90, P < 0.001). The lifetime excess lung cancer risk for those species that have available toxicological data (16 PAHs, 1 OPAH and 6 NPAHs) was calculated to be in the range 10−5 to 10−3 (risk per million people ranges from 26 to 2053 cases per year).

show abstract

PM2.5-bound PAHs in three indoor and one outdoor air in Beijing: Concentration, source and health risk assessment

Cited by 114 publications

References 58 publications

Variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidative derivatives in wintertime Beijing, China

Variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidative derivatives in wintertime Beijing, China

Risk Reduction Behaviors Regarding PM2.5 Exposure among Outdoor Exercisers in the Nanjing Metropolitan Area, China

Variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxidative derivatives in wintertime Beijing, China

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