PM2.5 and NO2 assessment in 21 European study centres of ECRHS II: annual means and seasonal differences

Arx, Marianne E. Hazenkamp-von; Götschi, Thomas; Ackermann‐Liebrich, Ursula; Bono, Roberto; Burney, Peter; Cyrys, Josef; Jarvis, Déborah; Lillienberg, Linnéa; Luczynska, Christina; Maldonado, J.; Jaén, Ángeles; Marco, Roberto de; Mi, Yahong; Modig, Lars; Bayer-Oglesby, Lucy; Payo, F; Soon, Argo; Sunyer, Jordi; Villani, Simona; Weyler, Joost; Künzli, Nino

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.016

Cited by 63 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…21 The same central monitoring site equipment was placed in each area in a single background monitoring station during the period June 2000 to December 2001, running every second day over a two week period during each month, and the annual mean mass concentration of fine particles with a median size of 2.5 mm aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) and its sulfur content (S) measured and analysed centrally. 22 PM 2.5 mass and S are spatially probably rather homogenous. However, personal exposure to tail pipe emissions is poorly characterised at a central site.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Chronic bronchitis and urban air pollution in an international study

et al. 2006

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Objectives: The chronic effects of urban air pollution are not well known. The authors' aim was to investigate the association between the prevalence and new onset of chronic bronchitis and urban air pollution. Methods: Subjects from the general population randomly selected for the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS I) during 1991-93 in 21 centres in 10 countries were followed up from the years 2000 to 2002 (n = 3232 males and 3592 females; average response rate = 65.3%). PM 2.5 and elements, with the same equipment at centre level, and home outdoor NO 2 in 1634 individuals were measured. Hierarchical models were used. Results: The prevalence and new onset of chronic phlegm during follow up were 6.9% and 4.5%, respectively, 5.3% in males and 3.5% in females. Smoking, rhinitis, poor education, and low social class were associated with (prevalence and new onset of) chronic phlegm in both genders, and occupational exposures in males and traffic intensity (adjusted odds ratio for constant traffic, OR = 1.86; 95% CI 1.24 to 2.77) as well as home outdoor NO 2 (OR . 50 mg/m 3 v , 20mg 3 = 2.71; 95% CI 1.03 to 7.16) among females. PM 2.5 and S content at centre level did not show any association with prevalence or new onset of chronic phlegm. Similar results were obtained with chronic productive cough. Conclusion: Individual markers of traffic at household level such as reported intensity and outdoor NO 2 were risk factors for chronic bronchitis among females.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Chronic bronchitis and urban air pollution in an international study

et al. 2006

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“…Hazenkamp von Arx et al 2004). On the other hand, the 24-h mean in Ouagadougou is more than twice the annual mean concentration in the heavily polluted city of Turin, Italy (Hazenkamp von Arx et al 2004).…”

Section: Particle Concentrations At the Reference Stationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Diurnal and intra-urban particle concentrations in relation to windspeed and stability during the dry season in three African cities

Eliasson

Jonsson²,

Holmer³

2008

Environ Monit Assess

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The spatial and temporal variations of PM(2.5), PM(10) and TSP in three African cities of different sizes (Dar es Salaam, Ouagadougou and Gaborone) were investigated using portable particle counters. Three different areas (downtown, green residential and traditional residential) and a reference site were designated in each of the cities in order to detect intra-urban and temporal variability. Morning, noon and night measurements were conducted in the urban areas while observations at reference stations were made continuously over the field periods. A clear diurnal pattern in particle concentrations was found in inland Gaborone and Ouagadougou, with morning and night peaks where the latter was the highest. However, in coastal Dar es Salaam the night peak was almost absent due to delayed stabilisation of the air. Particle concentrations at the Ouagadougou reference station were extreme. The direct contribution of vehicle emissions are of secondary importance since the PM(2.5)/PM(10) ratios are low (0.1-0.3). Much of the particles are supposed to be soil particles that are entrained in the air by daytime high windspeeds followed by nighttime subsidence as the air is stabilised and windspeed decreases. However, in all three cities, resuspension are important as areas with a network of unpaved roads showed the highest concentrations of suspended particles. Generally, the central business district had the lowest concentrations of particulate matter.

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“…The resulting new annual limit value for PM 2.5 is fixed to 25 mg m some studies (Hazenkamp-von Arx et al, 2004;Putaud et al, 2004;Putaud et al, 2010) indicated that particulate matter pollution increases from North to central and Southern Europe. The most worrying situations are reported during the cold season in medium and large cities and, in general, in Benelux and Northern Italy, where high air pollution may cause serious risks for human health (EC, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%