Bert van Wee 13.1 Introduction The transport system, together with the land use system, allows people to participate in activities at different places and transport goods between different locations. In case of people: it allows us to travel to work, friends, and relatives, amenities, health-care services, shops, schools, and many more destinations. This results in important economic and other accessibility-related benefits for society. But these benefits come at considerable costs for the users, and (via the tax payer), for governments (e.g., costs of infrastructure, subsidies for public transport), and for society (environmental impacts, safety impacts). An important effect category that is largely (but not only) of a non monetary nature is health. Health effects of the transport system can be both positive and negative. This chapter's focus is on travel-related health effects. The four dominant categories of such health effects for the traveler are accidents, exposure to pollutants, exercise, and well-being, and in addition, there are health effects for others, such as exposure to air pollution and noise for people living near heavily trafficked roads. Health is an upcoming theme in the field of transport, both in policy making and in research. Since 2013 there is even a journal titled Journal of Transport and Health. The growing interest in transport and health is partly related to the increasing awareness of the health risks of transport policies and the health benefits of active modes (walking and cycling), and more specifically because cycling is becoming more popular in many cities and regions across the world (Pucher and Buehler 2012), and receives a lot of attention in academic research anyway. Of the ten most downloaded papers of the journal Transport Reviews, six were about cycling (assessed 2-12-2016), and all these papers were published recently, since 2008. Health impacts of travel for people other than the user, mainly exposure to air B. van Wee (