Plutonium Concentrations in Fish and Seawater From Kwajalein Atoll

Noshkin, V.E.; Wong, K.M.; Eagle, R.J.

doi:10.1097/00004032-197910000-00007

Cited by 12 publications

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“…Scientific papers, reports, and books 1960-1995 [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Radionuclides Database in the Pacific Ocean: HAM Database

Aoyama

Hirose²

2004

The Scientific World JOURNAL

105

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The database “Historical Artificial Radionuclides in the Pacific Ocean and its Marginal Seas”, or HAM database, has been created. The database includes Sr, Cs, and Pu concentration data from the seawater of the Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas with some measurements from the sea surface to the bottom. The data in the HAM database were collected from about 90 literature citations, which include published papers; annual reports by the Hydrographic Department, Maritime Safety Agency, Japan; and unpublished data provided by individuals. The data of concentrations of Sr, Cs, and Pu have been accumulating since 1957—1998. The present HAM database includes 7737 records for Cs concentration data, 3972 records for Sr concentration data, and 2666 records for Pu concentration data. The spatial variation of sampling stations in the HAM database is heterogeneous, namely, more than 80% of the data for each radionuclide is from the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, while a relatively small portion of data is from the South Pacific. This HAM database will allow us to use these radionuclides as significant chemical tracers for oceanographic study as well as the assessment of environmental affects of anthropogenic radionuclides for these 5 decades. Furthermore, these radionuclides can be used to verify the oceanic general circulation models in the time scale of several decades.

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“…Scientific papers, reports, and books 1960-1995 [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Radionuclides Database in the Pacific Ocean: HAM Database

Aoyama

Hirose²

2004

The Scientific World JOURNAL

105

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“…Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has been monitoring the exposure of the Marshallese through environmental methods (Noshkin et al 1979(Noshkin et al , 1981(Noshkin et al ,1988(Noshkin et al , 1994Robison et al 1980Robison et al ,1982Robison et al , 1987Robison et al , 1988Robison 1983;Robison and Stone 1992). The LLNL group analyzed plutonium concentrations in air, soil, water, and food.…”

Section: Estimation Of Plutonium Inhalation Uptake Per Daymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal Absorption of Plutonium by the Marshall Islanders

Sun¹,

Meinhold²

1997

Health Physics

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The gastrointestinal absorption constant (fi) is a critical parameter in assessing systemic uptake following the ingestion of a radioactive material and in monitoring such intakes. This study addresses the latter, particularly for plutonium, and from environmental measurements derives an f, value of 4 X for the Marshallese population. The uncertainty associated with the methodology and measurements used in this fi value assessment is evaluated. This evaluation takes into account the results from 24-h urine samples and the particular lifestyle of the Marshallese. Plutonium intake resulting from soil consumption is a primary parameter in this evaluation; for this study, it was assumed to be 500 mg d-l. Thef, value determined here is consistent with the values in ICRP Publication 67 of 5~1 0 -~ for ages 1 to adult, and is the same as that suggested by the NRPB. Health Phys. 73(1):167-175; 1997

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“…, 1984), t h e B i k i n i and Enewetok lagoons i n t h e P a c i f i c (Noshkin and Wong, 1979), and i n t h e N. P a c i f i c Ocean t h e P a c i f i c , where t h e near bottom 2 3 9 ' 2 4 0~u samples a r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y more o x i d i z e d (90%) than 2 3 9 9 2 4 0~~ throughout t h e remainder of t h e water column (50 2 15%). Laboratory s t u d i e s suggest t h a t r e a c t i o n s a t t h e mineral surface a r e e f f e c t i v e l y reducing t h e o x i d i z e d forms o f Pu t o t h e reduced forms (Sanchez, 1985;Keeney-Kennicutt and Morse, 1985).…”

Section: F O R D E T a I L S )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 1984), t h e B i k i n i and Enewetok lagoons i n t h e P a c i f i c (Noshkin and Wong, 1979), and i n t h e N. P a c i f i c Ocean…”

Section: Pu S O L U B I L I T Y and Scavenging I N S T U D I E S Fromentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plutonium isotopes in the North Atlantic

Buesseler¹

1986

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The author hereby g r a n t s t o MIT and WHO1 permission t o reproduce and d i s t r i b u t e copies o f t h i s t h e s i s document i n whole o r i n p a r t . Signature o f Author / J o i n t Program i n Oceanography, Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e o f Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n , and t h e Department o f Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e o f Technology C e r t i f i e d by Edward R. ~h o i k & i t z , ~h e s i s ~u -~e r v i sc6Accepted by -./,, , Edward Boyle, Chair, J o i n t tommlttee f o r Chemical Oceanography, Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e o f Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n ABSTRACT The a r t i f i c i a l r a d i o n u c l i d e Plutonium (Pu) has been introduced i n t o t h e environment p r i m a r i l y as f a l l o u t from atmospheric nuclear weapons t e s t i n g d u r i n g t h e 1950's and 1960's. E a r l i e r s t u d i e s o f Pu geochemist r y a r e g e n e r a l l y based upon t h e measurement o f t h e combined a c t i v i t i e s o f 2 3 9~u and 2 4 9~u (detected by alpha-counting and w r i t t e n as 239,240 Pu) and assume an i d e n t i c a l geochemical behavior f o r Pu from any o f i t s f a l l o u t sources. A major focus o f t h i s t h e s i s i s t h e development o f a mass spectrometric (m.s.) technique f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f Pu i n marine sediments, pore waters, sediment t r a p m a t e r i a l and sea water from t h e North A t l a n t i c . With t h e m.s. technique, n o t o n l y i s t h e d e t e c t i o n l i m i t f o r 2 3 9 ' 2 4 0~u increased by over an order-of-magni tude, b u t t h e 2 4 0~u and 2 3 9~u isotopes can be separated as w e l l . The increased s e n s i t i v i t y f o r Pu provided by m.s. allowed me t o measure Pu i n deep-sea pore waters f o r t h e f i r s t time. Pore water studies a r e s e n s i t i v e i n d i c a t o r s o f e a r l y d i a g e n e t i c r e a c t i o n s , and can be used t o examine t h e unresolved question o f t h e e x t e n t o f Pu remobili z a t i o n out o f marine sediments. Along a t r a n s e c t o f cores ranging from h i g h l y reducing muddy sediments on t h e s h e l f t o more o x i c and carbonater i c h sediments i n t h e deep-sea, I have found t h a t t h e s o l u b i l i t y o f Pu i s predominantly c o n t r o l l e d by t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Pu i n t h e s o l i dphase. The c a l c u l a t e d 2 3 9 9 2 4 0~~ distribution coefficients (Kd = dpm per kg on solids/dpm per kg i n s o l u t i o n ) range from 0.2-23 x lo4, w i t h some suggestion o f a t r e n d towards lower values i n t h e deeper cores 4 (Kdls 4 0 i n cores from water depths >2500m). D i f f u s i v e f l u x calcul a t i o n s based upon t h e observed Pu pore water g r a d i e n t s suggest t h a t since i t s i n t r o d u c t i o n , n e g l i g i b l e Pu has been r e m o b i l i z e d o u t o f t h e 2 3 sediments a t a l l o f t h e s i t e s . On a time scale o f 10 -10 years however, Pu r e m o b i ...

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Plutonium Concentrations in Fish and Seawater From Kwajalein Atoll

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Artificial Radionuclides Database in the Pacific Ocean: HAM Database

Artificial Radionuclides Database in the Pacific Ocean: HAM Database

Gastrointestinal Absorption of Plutonium by the Marshall Islanders

Plutonium isotopes in the North Atlantic

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