Pluripotent stem cells - A review of the current status in neural regeneration

Paspala, Syed Ameer Basha; Murthy, T. V. Ramakrishna; Mahaboob, V.S.; Habeeb, Mohammed Aejaz

doi:10.4103/0028-3886.84338

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…In adulthood, there are two main neurogenic niches in the brain: the SVZ of the lateral ventricles, and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. [33] In the SVZ, the NSC pool comprises type B cells, which are quiescent NSCs that originate type C cells, which are fast dividing transient amplifying cells. [34] Most of these C cells will then differentiate into neuroblasts (type A cells), migrate along the rostral migratory stream [35] to the olfactory bulb, and terminally differentiate into interneurons.…”

Section: Oligodendrogenesis Derived From Adult Subventricular Zone Nementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroinflammatory modulators of oligodendrogenesis

Armada‐Moreira¹,

Ribeiro²,

Sebastião³

et al. 2015

Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation

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Oligodendrocytes are key neural cells that are responsible for producing myelin sheaths that wrap around neuronal axons in the central nervous system. Myelin is essential to insulate neurons and maintain a fast and saltatory propagation of action potentials along the axon. However, oligodendrocytes are very susceptible to damage, and thus demyelination may arise from a brain lesion or a neurodegenerative disorder. Consequently, demyelination produces a loss of axonal insulation leading to sensory or motor neuron failure. During adulthood, there are two main sources of oligodendrocytes: parenchymal oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and subventricular zone derived OPCs. In this review, we will discuss oligodendrogenesis derived from these two sources, and also highlight their main extrinsic and intrinsic modulators. In addition, the neuroinflammatory mediators of oligodendrogenesis will also be assessed.

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Section: Oligodendrogenesis Derived From Adult Subventricular Zone Nementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroinflammatory modulators of oligodendrogenesis

Armada‐Moreira¹,

Ribeiro²,

Sebastião³

et al. 2015

Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation

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“…Neural stem cells (NSCs) are generated throughout adult life via the process of neurogenesis (1). NSCs replace lost or damaged neurons and are capable of differentiating into excitatory granule neurons, which are involved in learning and memory (2,3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effect of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells and the potential molecular mechanisms

Liu

Xuan

Chen

et al. 2014

Molecular Medicine Reports

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Neural stem cells (NSCs) are important pluripotent stem cells, which have potential applications in cell replacement therapy. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) have been demonstrated to exert a marked impact on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. The effects of NGF, BDNF, and BDNF combined with NGF on NSC neuronal differentiation and the possible mechanisms for these effects were investigated in this study. An adherent monolayer culture was employed to obtain highly homogeneous NSCs. The cells were divided into four groups: Control, NGF, BDNF and combination (BDNF + NGF) groups. Neuron differentiation was examined using immunocytochemistry and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) levels were analyzed using western blotting. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of the HES1, HES5, MASH1, NGN1 and NeuroD transcription factors at different time intervals following neurotrophin-induced differentiation. NGF and BDNF were observed to induce NSC neuronal differentiation, and β-tubulin III-positive cells and p-ERK expression levels were highest in the NGF + BDNF combination group at all time points. The proportion of β-tubulin III-positive neurons in each group was associated with the expression levels of MASH1, NGN1 and NeuroD in the group. In conclusion, BDNF combined with NGF significantly improved NSC neuronal differentiation, which may provide support for the practical application of NSCs in neurodegenerative diseases.

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“…However, the process of neurogenesis almost exclusively occurs during embryogenesis and continues in the adult in response to injury only within very limited locations of the CNS [78] . NSCs were first isolated from adult murine brain in the early 1990s [79,80] .…”

Section: Nerve Stem Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Augmenting peripheral nerve regeneration using stem cells: A review of current opinion

Fairbairn

Meppelink

Ng-Glazier

et al. 2015

WJSC

126

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Outcomes following peripheral nerve injury remain frustratingly poor. The reasons for this are multifactorial, although maintaining a growth permissive environment in the distal nerve stump following repair is arguably the most important. The optimal environment for axonal regeneration relies on the synthesis and release of many biochemical mediators that are temporally and spatially regulated with a high level of incompletely understood complexity. The Schwann cell (SC) has emerged as a key player in this process. Prolonged periods of distal nerve stump denervation, characteristic of large gaps and proximal injuries, have been associated with a reduction in SC number and ability to support regenerating axons. Cell based therapy offers a potential therapy for the improvement of outcomes following peripheral nerve reconstruction. Stem cells have the potential to increase the number of SCs and prolong their ability to support regeneration. They may also have the ability to rescue and replenish populations of chromatolytic and apoptotic neurons following axotomy. Finally, they can be used in non-physiologic ways to preserve injured tissues such as denervated muscle while neuronal ingrowth has not yet occurred. Aside from stem cell type, careful consideration must be given to differentiation status, how stem cells are supported following transplantation and how they will be delivered to the site of injury. It is the aim of this article to review current opinions on the strategies of stem cell based therapy for the augmentation of peripheral nerve regeneration.

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Pluripotent stem cells - A review of the current status in neural regeneration

Cited by 23 publications

References 66 publications

Neuroinflammatory modulators of oligodendrogenesis

Neuroinflammatory modulators of oligodendrogenesis

Combined effect of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells and the potential molecular mechanisms

Augmenting peripheral nerve regeneration using stem cells: A review of current opinion

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