Plug-and-play continuous-variable quantum key distribution for metropolitan networks

Valivarthi, Raju; Etcheverry, Sebastián; Aldama, Jennifer; Zwiehoff, F.; Pruneri, Valerio

doi:10.1364/oe.391491

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Besides, the proposed mechanism is found to support the discrete‐modulation CV‐QKD over CV quantum repeaters and to long‐range system operation in‐live. Valivarthi et al 185 proposed a plug‐and‐play CV‐QKD with Gaussian modulation quadratures. In experimentation, two independent fiber stands have been used for two narrow line‐width lasers for quantum signal transmission.…”

Section: Quantum and Post‐quantum Cryptographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions

et al. 2021

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Quantum computing (QC) is an emerging paradigm with the potential to offer significant computational advantage over conventional classical computing by exploiting quantum‐mechanical principles such as entanglement and superposition. It is anticipated that this computational advantage of QC will help to solve many complex and computationally intractable problems in several application domains such as drug design, data science, clean energy, finance, industrial chemical development, secure communications, and quantum chemistry. In recent years, tremendous progress in both quantum hardware development and quantum software/algorithm has brought QC much closer to reality. Indeed, the demonstration of quantum supremacy marks a significant milestone in the Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) era—the next logical step being the quantum advantage whereby quantum computers solve a real‐world problem much more efficiently than classical computing. As the quantum devices are expected to steadily scale up in the next few years, quantum decoherence and qubit interconnectivity are two of the major challenges to achieve quantum advantage in the NISQ era. QC is a highly topical and fast‐moving field of research with significant ongoing progress in all facets. A systematic review of the existing literature on QC will be invaluable to understand the state‐of‐the‐art of this emerging field and identify open challenges for the QC community to address in the coming years. This article presents a comprehensive review of QC literature and proposes taxonomy of QC. The proposed taxonomy is used to map various related studies to identify the research gaps. A detailed overview of quantum software tools and technologies, post‐quantum cryptography, and quantum computer hardware development captures the current state‐of‐the‐art in the respective areas. The article identifies and highlights various open challenges and promising future directions for research and innovation in QC.

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Section: Quantum and Post‐quantum Cryptographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions

et al. 2021

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“…Concepts employing a receiver-side LO [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], as it is commonly seen in telecom-based coherent transceivers, have gained significant attention during recent years. Challenges such as the optical carrier synchronization of now independent optical sources at transmitter and receiver have been solved through incorporation of auxiliary training information and powerful signal processing resources.…”

Section: A the State-of-the-art In Cv-qkdmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Rate CV-QKD Secured Mobile WDM Fronthaul for Dense 5G Radio Networks

Milovančev

Vokić

Laudenbach

et al. 2021

J. Lightwave Technol.

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A coherent transmission methodology for a continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system based on quantum-heterodyne measurement through a coherent intradyne receiver is experimentally demonstrated in the framework of 5G mobile fronthaul links. Continuous optical carrier synchronization is obtained through training information, which is multiplexing to the quantum signal as pilot tone in both, frequency and polarization. Spectral tailoring by means of optical carrier suppression and single-sideband modulation is adopted to simultaneously mitigate crosstalk into the quantum channel and self-interference for the pilot tone, thus allowing for a high signalto-noise ratio for this training signal. Frequency offset correction and optical phase estimation for the free-running local oscillator of the receiver is accurately performed and guarantees low-noise quantum signal reception at high symbol rates of 250 MHz and 500 MHz with additional Nyquist pulse shaping. A low excess noise in the order of 0.1% to 0.5% of shot-noise units is obtained for fiber-based transmission over a fronthaul link reach of 13.2 km. Moreover, co-existence with 11 carrier-grade classical signals is experimentally investigated. Joint signal transmission in the C-band of both, quantum signal and classical signals, is successfully demonstrated. Secure-key rates of 18 and 10 Mb/s are obtained under strict security assumptions, where Eve has control of the receiver noise, for a dark and a lit fiber link, respectively. Moreover, rates of 85 and 72 Mb/s are resulting for a trusted receiver scenario. These secure-key rates are well addressing the requirements for time-shared CV-QKD system in densified 5G radio access networks with cloud-based processing.

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“…In the prepare-and-measure (PM) version of DM-CVQKD, Bob randomly chooses one of the coherent states {|α k 4 = |αe i(2k+1)π/4 , k ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}} [24] for four-state modulation or {|α k 8 = |αe ikπ/4 , k ∈ {0, 1, • • • , 7}} [52] for eight-state modulation, as shown in Figure 1, with the modulation variance V M = 2α 2 and sends it to Alice through an untrusted channel. To simplify the security proof, we choose the entanglement-based (EB) scheme which is equivalent to the PM scheme in security [53], and the detailed description of the PM version of PP CVQKD is shown in [39,40]. In the EB scheme of original DM-CVQKD, Bob prepares an entanglement state, namely Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) state, ρ A 0 B and sends one mode A 0 to Alice where another mode B is kept by Bob for measurement.…”

Section: Plug-and-play Dm-cvqkd Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this scheme, the loopholes resulted by the transmission of LO are closed, but its performance would be poor because of the incidental frequency out-sync between two independent laser sources. Subsequently, plug-and-play (PP) dual-phase-modulated coherent-states (DPMCS) CVQKD have been proposed to solve the above-mentioned problems in experiments by Huang et al [39] and Valivarthi et al [40]. In the PP DPMCS scheme, LO is generated by Alice without transmitting through the quantum channel, whereas quantum state is modulated by Bob based on the classical light sent from the source of Alice [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon Subtraction-Induced Plug-and-Play Scheme for Enhancing Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Discrete Modulation

Zou

Mao

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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Establishing high-rate secure communications is a potential application of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) but still challenging for the long-distance transmission technology compatible with modern optical communication systems. Here, we propose a photon subtraction-induced plug-and-play scheme for enhancing CVQKD with discrete-modulation (DM), avoiding the traditional loopholes opened by the transmission of local oscillator. A photon subtraction operation is involved in the plug-and-play scheme for detection while resisting the extra untrusted source noise of the DM-CVQKD system. We analyze the relationship between secret key rate, channel losses, and untrusted source noise. The simulation result shows that the photon-subtracted scheme enhances the performance in terms of the maximal transmission distance and make up for the deficiency of the original system effectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate the influence of finite-size effect on the secret key rate which is close to the practical implementation.

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Plug-and-play continuous-variable quantum key distribution for metropolitan networks

Cited by 27 publications

References 47 publications

Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions

Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions

High Rate CV-QKD Secured Mobile WDM Fronthaul for Dense 5G Radio Networks

Photon Subtraction-Induced Plug-and-Play Scheme for Enhancing Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Discrete Modulation

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