Pleurotus Macrofungi-Assisted Nanoparticle Synthesis and Its Potential Applications: A Review

Abstract

Research and innovation in nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis derived from biomaterials have gained much attention due to their unique characteristics, such as low-cost, easy synthesis methods, high water solubility, and eco-friendly nature. NPs derived from macrofungi, including various mushroom species, such as Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus spp., Lentinus spp., and Ganoderma spp. are well known to possess high nutritional, immune-modulatory, antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral), antioxidant, and anticancerous properties. Fungi have intracellular metal uptake ability and maximum wall binding capacity; because of which, they have high metal tolerance and bioaccumulation ability. Primarily, two methods have been comprehended in the literature to synthesize metal NPs from macrofungi, i.e., the intracellular method, which refers to NP synthesis inside fungal cells by transportation of ions in the presence of enzymes; and the extracellular method, which refers to the treatment of fungal biomolecules aqueous filtrate with a metal precursor. Pleurotus derived metal NPs are known to inhibit the growth of numerous foodborne pathogenic bacteria and fungi. To the best of our knowledge, there is no such review article reported in the literature describing the synthesis and complete application and mechanism of NPs derived from macrofungi. Herein, we intend to summarize the progressive research on macrofungi derived NPs regarding their synthesis as well as applications in the area of antimicrobial (antibacterial & antifungal), anticancer, antioxidant, catalytic and food preservation. Additionally, the challenges associated with NPs synthesis will also be discussed.

Rhizopus oryzae-Mediated Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO-NPs): A Promising Tool for Antimicrobial, Mosquitocidal Action, and Tanning Effluent Treatment

“…Recently, the biological synthesis of nanoparticles using fungi has become the preferable method because of the flexibility of handling, multiplication, high growth rates, species diversity (more than 1.52 million species), cost-effectiveness, novelty, and environmentally friendly nature [ 20 , 21 ]. The synthesis of MgO-NPs using fungi can be achieved either by intracellular method through the transportation of metal ions inside the fungal cell and then reduced by enzymes, or extracellular method through the reacting of metal ions with fungal biomass filtrate [ 22 ]. It has been reported that MgO-NPs can be used in novel applications including the removal of toxic waste, catalysis, antimicrobial property, refractory materials and wastewater treatment, ceramics, heavy fuel oils, enhancement of the potential of antioxidant and substrate in ferroelectric thin films, biomedical fields, sensing, adsorbents, lithium batteries, and agriculture sectors [ 18 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Applications of Fruit Polyphenols and Their Functionalized Nanoparticles Against Foodborne Bacteria: A Mini Review

“… Antibacterial mechanism of fruit-polyphenol-functionalized nanoparticle with their target sites [ 119 ]. …”

Potential Usage of Edible Mushrooms and Their Residues to Retrieve Valuable Supplies for Industrial Applications

“…NPs made from mushrooms are of better quality than those made from bacteria. Metal NPs synthesized using constituents such as enzymes and metabolites secreted by mushroom cells reduce the toxicity of substances [105,106]. The use of NPs is rising, especially in biomedicine and pharmaceuticals, because of their unique physicochemical properties.…”