2020
DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0707-1
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Plenty of pitches

Abstract: The note A tuned to 440 Hz only became the norm for musical performance in 1939 after decades of international and interdisciplinary disputes. Fanny Gribenski retraces this rocky path.

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Cited by 5 publications
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“…In 1859, the French government set the fundamental frequency of A4 at 435 Hz and obliged orchestras throughout the country to standardize tuning. The modern standard tuning system (A4 = 440 Hz) was introduced by the International Organization for Standardization in 1955 (Gribenski, 2020; Halmrast, 2012).…”
Section: Ap: Advantages Versus Disadvantagesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In 1859, the French government set the fundamental frequency of A4 at 435 Hz and obliged orchestras throughout the country to standardize tuning. The modern standard tuning system (A4 = 440 Hz) was introduced by the International Organization for Standardization in 1955 (Gribenski, 2020; Halmrast, 2012).…”
Section: Ap: Advantages Versus Disadvantagesmentioning
confidence: 99%