Pleiotropic Benefits of Moderate Salt Reduction

Egan, Brent M.

doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.134882

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The question of whether restriction of sodium intake reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events is still a major issue of controversy (2). Experimental studies and clinical trials have yielded considerable heterogeneity concerning the effects of low-salt diet on blood pressure, as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (3,10,14,16). Sodium restriction, along with a reduction in blood pressure, is associated with increases of other, potentially adverse, cardiovascular effects, such as increases in sympathetic and RAAS activities (14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Impaired flow-induced dilation of coronary arterioles of dogs fed a low-salt diet: roles of ANG II, PKC, and NAD(P)H oxidase

Huang

Yan

Suematsu

et al. 2010

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Low-salt (LS) diet has been considered to be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of hypertension; however, it also increases plasma angiotensin (ANG) II and may cause adverse cardiovascular effects, such as endothelial dysfunction. We assessed endothelial function of coronary arterioles and vascular superoxide production, as a function of LS diet. Dogs were fed with LS (0.05% NaCl) or a normal-salt (NS, 0.65% NaCl) diet for 2 wk. There were threefold increases in plasma ANG II, associated with a 60% reduction in flow-induced dilation (FID) in coronary arterioles of LS compared with NS dogs. In vessels of NS dogs, FID was primarily mediated by nitric oxide (NO), as indicated by an eliminated FID by N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). In vessels of LS dogs, however, FID was eliminated. Administration of apocynin, a NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, partially restored FID and additional l-NAME eliminated FID. Generation of superoxide, measured with dihydroethidium, was significantly greater in vessels of LS than in NS dogs, which was further increased in response to ANG II or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, an agonist of protein kinase C (PKC). The enhanced superoxide was normalized by apocynin, losartan (a blocker of angiotensin type 1 receptor), and chelerythrine chloride (an antagonist of PKC). Western blotting indicated an upregulation of gp91(phox) and p47(phox), associated with increased expression of phosphorylated PKC in vessels of LS dogs. In separate experiments, dogs were fed simultaneously with LS and losartan (LS + Losa) for 2 wk. There was a significant increase in plasma ANG II in LS + Losa dogs, which, however, was associated with normal FID and gp91(phox) expression in coronary arterioles. In conclusion, LS led to endothelial dysfunction, as indicated by an impaired flow-induced dilation caused by decreasing NO bioavailibility, a response that involves angiotensin-induced activation of PKC that, in turn, activates vascular NAD(P)H oxidase to produce superoxide.

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confidence: 99%

Impaired flow-induced dilation of coronary arterioles of dogs fed a low-salt diet: roles of ANG II, PKC, and NAD(P)H oxidase

Huang

Yan

Suematsu

et al. 2010

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…Humans require sodium, and the natural ingredients-without added salt-of the usual diet provide adequate amounts. However, dietary habits acquired recently in human evolution provide excessive amounts of salt both through discretionary salt that consumers add to food at the table and when cooking and, more recently, through salt that the food industry adds to products during the manufacturing process (3,4). High salt intake increases the risk of many health disorders, and a typical modern diet provides a 10-fold excess of salt compared with traditional diets during human evolution (5).…”

Section: Sodium Salt 6 and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Abt Associates, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America. 3 University of Warwick, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom. 4 Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.…”

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confidence: 99%

Need for coordinated programs to improve global health by optimizing salt and iodine intake

Campbell¹,

Dary²,

Cappuccio³

et al. 2012

Rev Panam Salud Publica

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High dietary salt is a major cause of increased blood pressure, the leading risk for death worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that salt intake be less than 5 g/day, a goal that only a small proportion of people achieve. Iodine deficiency can cause cognitive and motor impairment and, if severe, hypothyroidism with serious mental and growth retardation. More than 2 billion people worldwide are at risk of iodine deficiency. Preventing iodine deficiency by using salt fortified with iodine is a major global public health success. Programs to reduce dietary salt are technically compatible with programs to prevent iodine deficiency through salt fortification. However, for populations to fully benefit from optimum intake of salt and iodine, the programs must be integrated. This review summarizes the scientific basis for salt reduction and iodine fortification programs, the compatibility of the programs, and the steps that need to be taken by the WHO, national governments, and nongovernmental organizations to ensure that populations fully benefit from optimal intake of salt and iodine. Specifically, expert groups must be convened to help countries implement integrated programs and context-specific case studies of successfully integrated programs; lessons learned need to be compiled and disseminated. Integrated surveillance programs will be more efficient and will enhance current efforts to optimize intake of iodine and salt. For populations to fully benefit, governments need to place a high priority on integrating these two important public health programs.

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Pleiotropic Benefits of Moderate Salt Reduction

Cited by 2 publications

References 11 publications

Impaired flow-induced dilation of coronary arterioles of dogs fed a low-salt diet: roles of ANG II, PKC, and NAD(P)H oxidase

Impaired flow-induced dilation of coronary arterioles of dogs fed a low-salt diet: roles of ANG II, PKC, and NAD(P)H oxidase

Need for coordinated programs to improve global health by optimizing salt and iodine intake

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