Recordings, whether in their original format or released as re-issues, have made an enormous repertoire of classical music more readily accessible to listeners than ever before. The 120-year legacy of sound recordings offers compelling evidence that performance styles change continually as do the meanings of musical works. Early recordings in particular reveal ways of interpreting scores that are radically different from our modern-day practices, and clearly show us that the performance of Western art music actually adheres much less to composers' scores than we would like to maintain. This rich aural evidence also attests to performers' central roles in the transmission of Western art music and their frequently close association with a composer's work, as listeners identify compositions--even composers' names--with particular performers' interpretations on record:Cortot's (Chopin) Berceuse, Grainger's (Grieg) Concerto, Backhaus's 'Brahms', or Gieseking's 'Debussy' and so on. As Nicholas Cook has argued in a number of publications (e.g., Cook, 2009aCook, , 2013a, recognising Western art music as a performed craft, and acknowledging the agency of performers and audiences in the social construction of meaning, marks a decisive shift away from musicology's previous textualist and author-centred orientation.The last twenty years have seen concerted efforts to shift the 'object' of musicological study from scores to performances, contributing to a deeper uprooting of concepts pertaining to musical ontology (e.g., Cook, 2009aCook, , 2013aLeech-Wilkinson, 2012). Sound recordings, and the study of music as performance from recordings, have been instrumental in fostering a sub-discipline of musical performance studies, albeit one many years in the making. The pioneering work of Robert Philip, who traced performance traditions across the twentieth-century via historical and modern recordings, had already set the wheels in motion and laid down the foundations of an emerging musicology of recordings (Philip, 1992), 1 and other scholars followed suit from disciplinary perspectives including