Playing the Edge: Motivation and Risk Taking in a High-Altitude Wilderness-like Environment

Abstract

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The characteristics and motivational decisions of outdoor adventure tourists: a review and analysis

“…By comparison, inexperienced climbers were more extrinsically motivated, such as by getting away from it all, and socialising. Similarly, Ewert (1994) also established that, although exhilaration and excitement were important for all mountaineers, novices were more externally influenced by such climbing elements as skills development and image, intermediate-level mountaineers were motivated more by decision-making, whereas self-expression was an important internally-generated motivation for advanced-level climbers. However, in more recent research (Ewert et al, 2013) it is argued that internal and external motives have unclear boundaries, making it difficult to categorise experienced and less experienced adventurers in this way.…”

“…As such, investigating this subject matter presents challenges. Outdoor recreational adventurers are often influenced by varied motives (Ewert, 1994;Mannell & Kleiber, 1997), yet some of the first studies predominantly focused on thrillseeking as a motive driving outdoor adventure activity participation. More recent studies, however, have examined wider motives , typically reflecting adventure's core elements.…”

“…Moreover, adventure motives are changeable during people's participation and are influenced by the resulting experience (Ewert, 1994;Ewert et al, 2013). As such, investigating this subject matter presents challenges.…”

“…The italics within the Table refer to the motive or motivational dimension identified by Ewert (1985Ewert ( , 1994 and Loewenstein (1999). E=Ewert; L=Loewenstein.…”

Motivational orientation and risk taking in elite winter climbers: A qualitative study

“…The authors reported a range of meta-motivational states for participation including goal achievement, risk taking, social motivation and connection with the environment. Task mastery and self-efficacy have also been proposed as key factors that influence motivation in high risk sporting populations (Ewert, 1994;Llewellyn, Asghar, Sanchez & Jones, 2008;Slanger & Rudestam, 1997). Another emerging area of interest is affect self-regulation which considers high risk sports as a motivational source for individuals with emotional difficulties.…”