“…Education initiatives to leverage intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) in low-resource communities have shown tentative promise: In one study, Brazilian students from low-SES communities improved their math and reading skills with an ITS, but incorporating adaptive learning technology promoted both effective (e.g., generate specific content matched to learners) and ineffective (e.g., use ITS as replacement for teacher support) pedagogical practices ( Joaquim et al, 2022 ). However, AI technologies also often replicate and deepen inequities, because they have been trained on inequitable systems ( Guillory, 2020 ). Thus, these technologies need to be carefully and continually vetted and used in combination with best practices within school support structures.…”