Playing Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: combined mechanisms of phase variation in bacteria

Hallet, Bernard

doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00253-8

Cited by 131 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Other phenomena with some resemblance to what we described here were also studied. Phenotypic switching cases in which the phenotype was unstable and changed according to the environment were studies (Hallet, 2001;Balaban et al, 2004;Levin and Rozen, 2006). In other classes of phenotypic switching, it was suggested that chaperons act as capacitors of phenotypic variation that expose hidden genetic variation in response to environmental changes (Rutherford and Lindquist, 1998;Queitsch et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inherited adaptation of genome‐rewired cells in response to a challenging environment

et al. 2010

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inherited adaptation of genome‐rewired cells in response to a challenging environment

et al. 2010

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“…Phase variation is the heritable, interchangeable, and high-frequency on-or-off switching of transcription mediated by several mechanisms (173,174). Host-adapted bacterial pathogens frequently use phase variation to generate diversity in antigenic surface structures such as pili, capsules, lipopolysaccharides, and flagella (174,175).…”

Section: Functions Of Phase-variable R-m Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Functions of Restriction-Modification Systems in Addition to Cellular Defense

Vasu

Nagaraja

2013

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

507

462

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SUMMARY Restriction-modification (R-M) systems are ubiquitous and are often considered primitive immune systems in bacteria. Their diversity and prevalence across the prokaryotic kingdom are an indication of their success as a defense mechanism against invading genomes. However, their cellular defense function does not adequately explain the basis for their immaculate specificity in sequence recognition and nonuniform distribution, ranging from none to too many, in diverse species. The present review deals with new developments which provide insights into the roles of these enzymes in other aspects of cellular function. In this review, emphasis is placed on novel hypotheses and various findings that have not yet been dealt with in a critical review. Emerging studies indicate their role in various cellular processes other than host defense, virulence, and even controlling the rate of evolution of the organism. We also discuss how R-M systems could have successfully evolved and be involved in additional cellular portfolios, thereby increasing the relative fitness of their hosts in the population.

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“…Phenotypic variation or phase variation is an adaptive process by which bacteria can reversibly switch between colonies with different morphology (Davidson and Surette 2008). At the molecular level, phase variation is controlled by diverse genetic mechanisms, including site-specific DNA rearrangements and epigenetic modifications (Hallet 2001;Wisniewski-Dye and Vial 2008). Either of these mechanisms generates bacterial subpopulations within a clonal population that differentially express surface molecules (e.g., flagella or LPS) or express surface molecules with altered structure (Van der Woude and Baumler 2004).…”

Section: Modulation Of Host Immunity In Nonsymbiotic Beneficial Intermentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Host Immunity by Beneficial Microbes

Zamioudis¹,

Pieterse²

2012

MPMI

753

466

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In nature, plants abundantly form beneficial associations with soilborne microbes that are important for plant survival and, as such, affect plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Classical examples of symbiotic microbes are mycorrhizal fungi that aid in the uptake of water and minerals, and Rhizobium bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen for the plant. Several other types of beneficial soilborne microbes, such as plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and fungi with biological control activity, can stimulate plant growth by directly suppressing deleterious soilborne pathogens or by priming aboveground plant parts for enhanced defense against foliar pathogens or insect herbivores. The establishment of beneficial associations requires mutual recognition and substantial coordination of plant and microbial responses. A growing body of evidence suggests that beneficial microbes are initially recognized as potential invaders, after which an immune response is triggered, whereas, at later stages of the interaction, mutualists are able to shortcircuit plant defense responses to enable successful colonization of host roots. Here, we review our current understanding of how symbiotic and nonsymbiotic beneficial soil microbes modulate the plant immune system and discuss the role of local and systemic defense responses in establishing the delicate balance between the two partners.

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Playing Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: combined mechanisms of phase variation in bacteria

Cited by 131 publications

References 102 publications

Inherited adaptation of genome‐rewired cells in response to a challenging environment

Inherited adaptation of genome‐rewired cells in response to a challenging environment

Diverse Functions of Restriction-Modification Systems in Addition to Cellular Defense

Modulation of Host Immunity by Beneficial Microbes

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