Play in adult bonobos (<i>Pan paniscus</i>): Modality and potential meaning

Palagi, Elisabetta; Paoli, Tommaso

doi:10.1002/ajpa.20657

Cited by 60 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…It has been argued that bonobos have been subjected to an evolutionary pressure towards neoteny, in that they have retained some juvenile characteristics in adulthood (Shea 1983;Wrangham & Pilbeam 2001;Wobber et al 2010), a hypothesis also supported by our own observations. High levels of play are common in adults (Palagi 2006;Palagi & Paoli 2007) and this study shows that tools are an integral part of this behaviour. In chimpanzees, however, adult play is very rarely observed (Pellis & Iwaniuk 2000).…”

Section: Chimpanzee and Bonobo Tool Usementioning

confidence: 64%

A comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee tool use: evidence for a female bias in the Pan lineage

2010

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Keywords: culture great ape neoteny Pan primate evolution sex difference tool use Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, are the most sophisticated tool-users among all nonhuman primates. From an evolutionary perspective, it is therefore puzzling that the tool use behaviour of their closest living primate relative, the bonobo, Pan paniscus, has been described as particularly poor. However, only a small number of bonobo groups have been studied in the wild and only over comparably short periods. Here, we show that captive bonobos and chimpanzees are equally diverse tool-users in most contexts. Our observations illustrate that tool use in bonobos can be highly complex and no different from what has been described for chimpanzees. The only major difference in the chimpanzee and bonobo data was that bonobos of all ageesex classes used tools in a play context, a possible manifestation of their neotenous nature. We also found that female bonobos displayed a larger range of tool use behaviours than males, a pattern previously described for chimpanzees but not for other great apes. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the femalebiased tool use evolved prior to the split between bonobos and chimpanzees.

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Section: Chimpanzee and Bonobo Tool Usementioning

confidence: 64%

A comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee tool use: evidence for a female bias in the Pan lineage

2010

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“…At this morning hour the animals were resting (5.20 ± 1.63 observations) or playing (6.60 ± 1.86 observations). According to Palagi and Paoli (2007) play in adult individuals can be performed as a means of coping with novel situations. At that time, the geladas spent most of the time grooming which is a part of comfort behaviour (18.40 ± 4.79 observations).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Daily Pattern of Main Activities in the Gelada Baboon (Theropithecus gelada)

Filipčík

Máchal

Baholet

et al. 2014

Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun.

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The aim of this work was to observe and analyse the main daily activities in the group of geladas kept in the Zlín Zoo. The experimental group was formed by three males (one of them was a dominant alfa male) and four females who were in the reproductive cycle at the observation period. The behavioural study included fi ve recurrent observations which took place in March 2014. The observations revealed that geladas spent most of the time feeding (44.1%) and performing comfort behaviour (24.6%). About 7.7-10.4% of the total time the geladas spent moving, resting and observing the neighbourhoods. The settled and stable social hierarchy within the group prevented greater incidence (0.7%) of aggressive behaviour. Occurrence of other types of activities was low -play (1.7%), climbing the trees (0.5%) and sexual behaviour (2.3%). The work also studied how the incidence of a particular type of behaviour changed over time within the day. A certain pattern in behavioural activities was apparent because their incidence tended to be similar on all observation days. Foraging activities were the greatest (44.80 ± 3.64 observations) between 15.00 and 16.00, resting (8.00-9.80 observations) between 12.00 and 14.00 and comfort behaviour (23.20 ± 2.82 observations) in the morning.

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“…The occurrence of locomotor play was identified from these recordings using 'play markers', which are behavioural sequences associated with play (Newberry et al, 1988). Social play was not recorded as it is inherently confounded by social factors (Palagi and Paoli, 2007;Cordoni, 2009), whereas locomotor play is more likely to reflect an individual's welfare status. A bout of play was defined as a period of behaviour involving one or more of the elements described in Table 2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of chronic environmental stressors on growing pigs, Sus scrofa (Part 1): stress physiology, production and play behaviour

O’Connor

Parker

McLeman

et al. 2010

Animal

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Commercially farmed animals are frequently housed in conditions that impose a number of concurrent environmental stressors. For pigs housed indoors, elevated levels of mechanical noise, atmospheric ammonia and low light intensities are commonplace. This experiment examined the effects on growing pigs of chronic exposure to combinations of commercially relevant levels of these potential stressors. Four-week-old hybrid female pigs (n 5 224) were housed under experimentally manipulated conditions of nominally either ,5 or 20 ppm atmospheric concentration of ammonia (24 h), a light intensity of 40 lux or 200 lux (12 h) and mechanical noise at either <60 or 80 dB(A) (24 h) for 15 weeks in a fully factorial arrangement (2 3 ) of treatments. The response of pigs to these environmental factors was assessed using a suite of physiological, production and behavioural measures. These included indicators of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation such as salivary cortisol and adrenal morphometry, as well as body weight, food conversion efficiency and general health scores. Play behaviour was recorded as it is thought to be inversely related to stress. Chronic exposure to ammonia produced the strongest effect, shown by lower concentrations of salivary cortisol and larger adrenal cortices in the pigs reared under 20 ppm ammonia, which may have been indicative of a period of HPA activation leading to a downregulation of cortisol production. The pigs in the ammoniated rooms also performed less play behaviour than pigs in non-ammoniated rooms. There was evidence for an interaction between high noise and ammonia on the health scores of pigs and for brighter light to ameliorate the effect of ammonia on salivary cortisol. However, there was no measurable impact of these potential stressors on the productivity of the pigs or any of the other physiological parameters measured. We conclude that there should be little concern in terms of performance about the physical stressors tested here, within current European Union legal limits. However, 20 ppm ammonia may have had an adverse influence on the well-being of growing pigs. In this study, all other aspects of the pigs' husbandry were optimal; therefore, it is possible that under less favourable conditions, more pronounced effects of ammonia, noise and dim light would be observed.

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Play in adult bonobos (Pan paniscus): Modality and potential meaning

Cited by 60 publications

References 51 publications

A comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee tool use: evidence for a female bias in the Pan lineage

A comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee tool use: evidence for a female bias in the Pan lineage

The Daily Pattern of Main Activities in the Gelada Baboon (Theropithecus gelada)

The impact of chronic environmental stressors on growing pigs, Sus scrofa (Part 1): stress physiology, production and play behaviour

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