Platycodin D Alleviates High-Glucose-Aggravated Inflammatory Responses in Oral Mucosal Cells by PI3K/mTOR Pathway

Abstract

Oral mucosal diseases account for an increasing proportion of hμMan diseases. Among the many common risk factors that cause oral diseases and systemic diseases, dietary factors, especially high sugar, are particularly prominent. Exhibiting therapeutic potential in treating certain inflammation-related diseases, platycodin D (PD) has been known to possess anti-inflammatory benefits in cases of cytokine-induced inflammation, a fact that has been widely docμMented. However, there are few studies about PD in the oral mucosal disease. Investigating the effect of PD on high-glucose (HG)-induced inflammatory responses in oral mucosal cells was the endeavor of this study. The results revealed that HG induced cell mortality, promoted activity of inflammatory factor (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), and increased ROS production in oral mucosal cells. Interestingly, PD obviously alleviated HG-induced oral mucosal cells inflammatory response. Simultaneously, the expressions of PI3K and mTOR were inhibited by PD. In addition, the activation of PI3K and mTOR decreased the protective effect of PD on oral mucosal cells. To conclude, the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway was found to be inactivated, thereby restraining the activation of the full immune cell by inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, as revealed by the results indicating the prevention of the HG-induced inflammation response by PD.

The pharmacology and mechanisms of platycodin D, an active triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorus

“…Additionally, Kim et al (2018) discovered that platycodin could heal muscle injury by lowering the levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase (CK), and C-related protein and suppressing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). The PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway was found to be inactivated, thereby restraining the activation of the full immune cell by inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, as revealed by the results indicating the prevention of the high-glucose-induced inflammation response by PD ( Liu et al, 2022b ). PD3 treatment alleviated the airway remodeling and inflammation in asthmatic mice, which might be related to downregulating the phosphorylated proteins in the MAPK/NF-kappa B signaling pathway ( Peng et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Through the downregulation of PI3K and mTOR, PD was found to be able to mitigate the inflammatory responses of the HG-induced oral mucosal cells, as demonstrated by the results. Albeit further studies would still be needed to investigate the exact role of PD in oral inflammatory responses, these findings could, as of now, provide a novel strategy in the treatment of oral diseases ( Liu et al, 2022b ).…”

The Use Of Dental Stem Cell Therapy In The Treatment Of Gum Deterioration

“…Proper knowledge of oral diseases is crucial in medical practice for many reasons. Some include the fact that periodontal disease is associated with multiple systemic conditions of medical interest, and many systemic diseases have oral manifestations, which means that the anatomy of the oral cavity needs to be studied and understood [2]. In addition, there are many drugs that are associated with oral adverse drug reactions.…”

“…Although periodontitis is a major factor that causes gum deterioration, there are many factors that may lead to gum and tooth decay that are uncontrollable, regardless of someone's oral hygiene [2]. The main factors that determine immune fitness are the same factors that determine their response to the biofilm [26].…”

“…Environmental risk factors, including age, gender, weight, smoking, and socio-economic status, are all considered to be important risk factors. The "environmental factors'' also have genetic components [2].…”