Plating Bath Compositions and Operating Conditions

Durney, Lawrence J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0854-7_6

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…He used a voltaic cell and a pair of metallic wires to deposit a fine layer of gold over a metallic vessel [42]. After Brugnatelli's experiments, the process became popular across Europe as the demand for electroplated artefacts increased among the people [43]. The electroplating process uses an electric current to dissolve metal and deposit it onto a surface.…”

Section: (A) Electrodeposition Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review of various non-cyanide electroplating baths for the production of silver and gold coatings

Satpathy

Jena

Das

et al. 2023

International Materials Reviews

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Cyanide-based baths are generally used industrially to produce silver and gold coatings via electroplating. Baths containing ([Au(CN) 2 ] − ) and ([Ag(CN) 2 ] − ) are used for the deposition of gold and silver coatings, respectively. However, due to the severe toxicity, the technical personnel involved in work are at risk. Additionally, the disposal of cyanide-containing wastes poses a significant threat to the environment as they pollute various natural resources. The coatings produced from alkaline cyanide-based baths cause embrittlement of electronic circuit patterns. Due to these reasons, many cyanide-free baths have started to replace the existing cyanide-based baths. In the cyanide-free baths, the primary cyanide complexing agent is replaced with eco-friendly alternative compounds like sulphite, thiosulphate, thiourea, DMH, EDTA, and ionic liquids (ILs). This review article provides an overview of the various cyanide-free electroplating baths available for electroplating silver and gold that are either used for commercial practice or are developed for laboratory-scale use.

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Section: (A) Electrodeposition Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review of various non-cyanide electroplating baths for the production of silver and gold coatings

Satpathy

Jena

Das

et al. 2023

International Materials Reviews

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“…Ultrasonic vibrations have since found applications in both conventional and non-conventional manufacturing methods. Some examples are in conventional plating [1], ultrasonic machining and cleaning [27], and more recently, in micro electro-discharge machining [28,29], where positive effects have been found in the form of higher plating rates, higher machining rates, higher aspect ratio features.…”

Section: Lecd With Ultrasonic Vibrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electroplating or electrodeposition of a variety of metals and metal alloys from aqueous solutions has been extensively investigated for many decades. A number of textbooks and handbooks may be consulted for an introduction to electrodeposition fundamentals and practice [1][2][3][4][5]. Electrodeposition is governed by the laws of electrolysis where by Faraday's law, the amount of metal deposited is directly proportional to the duration of the process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the effects of ultrasonic vibrations on localized electrochemical deposition

Yeo

Choo

Sim

2002

J. Micromech. Microeng.

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This paper studies the effects of ultrasonic vibrations on the localized electrochemical deposition (LECD) process. Nickel micro-columns were locally electrodeposited onto a copper substrate from a nickel sulphamate solution using a non-soluble platinum counter electrode, both with and without ultrasonic vibrations. Three output parameters were investigated in the experiments: rate of deposition, concentricity and porosity of the micro-columns. Results showed that generally, ultrasonic vibrations increased the rate of deposition and improved the concentricity of the fabricated micro-columns. On the other hand, it gives rise to structures with higher porosity as compared to those deposited in the absence of ultrasound. The application of ultrasonic vibrations in the LECD process is a novel effort to utilize a well-studied phenomenon to enhance the capability of a new microfabrication process.

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“…3 The most commonly used conversion process is based on hexavalent chromium. 4 As hexavalent chromium affects the environment severely, a search for a chromate free substitute is initiated. 5 To date, a number of possible alternative coatings, namely, phosphates, 3 cerates, 6 Alodine, 7 Keronite 8 and Anomag, 9 are reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This results in high degree of temperature gradient across the internal packages of spacecraft. The flat absorber conversion coating with high solar absorbance and infrared emittance helps in minimising temperature gradient across the packages by improving their heat radiation characteristics as per the following equation 10 SA p a~sAeT 4 or T~(SA p a=sAe) 1=4 where S is solar constant (mean value: 1353 W m 22 ), A p is the projected surface area of the spacecraft (m 2 ) perpendicular to the sun rays, a is the solar absorptance of the projected area, s is the Stefan-Boltzman constant (5?67610 212 W cm 22 K 24 ), A is the total surface area of the spacecraft (m 2 ), e is the infrared emittance of the surface of the exposed area and T is the absolute temperature of spacecraft. As S, A p , s and A are the constants in this relationship, it clearly shows that the temperature of any given area of spacecraft is directly controlled by the a/e ratio Here, the term 'absorptance' refers to solar radiation (X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, radio frequency, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on chrome free galvanic conversion coating on magnesium alloy AZ31B for space applications

Parida

Rani

Sharma

2010

Surface Engineering

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A novel galvanic conversion coating was studied on magnesium alloy AZ31B in an electrolyte system consisting of ammonium molybdate and magnesium chloride. The conditions of the conversion coating process and the characteristic of the coatings are studied in detail. The coatings were characterised by energy dispersive X-ray, infrared spectral and scanning electron microscopy studies. The thermoanalytical investigations have been carried out using thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The space worthiness of the coating was evaluated by environmental tests, namely, humidity, thermal cycling, thermovacuum performance and thermal stability tests. Optical properties (solar absorptance and infrared emittance) were measured before and after each environmental test to ascertain its stability. The coating provides higher solar absorptance and infrared emittance in the order of y0?80. The developed procedure is simple, ecofriendly and economically viable.

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Plating Bath Compositions and Operating Conditions

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

A comprehensive review of various non-cyanide electroplating baths for the production of silver and gold coatings

A comprehensive review of various non-cyanide electroplating baths for the production of silver and gold coatings

On the effects of ultrasonic vibrations on localized electrochemical deposition

Studies on chrome free galvanic conversion coating on magnesium alloy AZ31B for space applications

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