Platelets, photosensitizers, and PDT

Abstract

SummaryPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) has both direct cell and indirect vascular effects. Both are well established and the latter has given rise to specifically target angiogenesis in PDT treatments. While the vascular effects are well understood, further advances in antiangiogenesis require a detailed understanding of PDT effects at the microvasculature level. Although some of the earliest investigations of PDT noted effects on platelet aggregation the importance of their interaction with endothelial cells and the crucial role of various signaling pathways is only now emerging. This review aims to give a general overview of PDT related studies on platelets, vascular effects, and their interaction with endothelial cells to indicate the potential for studies in this area.Abbreviations: ALA --aminolevulinic acid; AMD -age-related macular degeneration; ANET -anti-neovascular therapy; BGF -basic fibroblast growth factor; DHEdihaematoporphyrin ether; EDRF -endothelium-derived relaxing factor; epithelial growth factor -EGF; HIF-1 -hypoxia-inducible factor 1; HpD -haematoporphyrin derivative; IL -interleukin; PAF -platelet activating factor; PDT -photodynamic therapy; PS -photosensitizer; transforming growth factor 1 -TGF-1; TNF -tumor necrosis factor.

Photocatalytic interaction of aminophylline–riboflavin leads to ROS‐mediated DNA damage and cell death: A novel phototherapeutic mechanism for cancer

“…It has a potential of becoming anodyne treatment Abbreviations: Rf, riboflavin; Am, aminophylline; PDT, photodynamic therapy; ROS, reactive oxygen species modality for various forms of cancer (7)(8)(9)(10). Apart from selectively eliminating tumor cells, it also stimulates anti-tumor immune response (11,12) as well as causes vascular damage and blood flow stasis (13,14).…”

Hydrogels: soft matters in photomedicine

“…48 PDT also exerts damage to the malignant tissue via targeting the tumor vasculature, thus inhibiting nutrients and oxygen supply. 49, 50 An inflammatory and anti-tumor immune response is often also trigger by PDT, which contributes significantly for the long-term control of the diseased state. 45,51,52,53 Naturally, tumor imaging is equally important.…”

Chemical Synthesis and Medicinal Applications of Glycoporphyrins

“…Note, that porphyrins are bound and transported in the serum by carbohydrate proteins and hemopoxin [79] . This is important for the tissue distribution and uptake of potential PS and has implications for the anti-angiogenic properties of PSs [80] . Porphyrins such as the heme cofactor of the glycoprotein hemoglobin are essential for gaseous transport [81] , while the glycoprotein transcobalamin provides facile transport of cofactor vitamin B 12 (cobalamin or hydroxocobalamin) into the body [82] .…”