Platelet extracellular vesicles in COVID-19: Potential markers and makers

Puhm, Florian; Flamand, Louis; Boilard, Éric

doi:10.1002/jlb.3mir0221-100r

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 133 publications

(300 reference statements)

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“…Several studies have pointed to microvesicles (EVs) and platelet-derived microvesicles (pEVs) as potential biomarkers in COVID-19. Elevated levels of circulating pEVs have been observed in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and significantly elevated levels of pEVs in patients with severe disease ( 118 – 122 ). One study using flow cytometry of patient samples found that the frequency of PS + cells in the blood of all COVID-19 patients within a week of diagnosis was considerably higher than that of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy or recovered donors.…”

Section: New Point: Ps and Thrombosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The levels of PS + cells and pEVs in COVID-19 patients were higher than those in healthy controls and are positively correlated with the severity of the disease. Due to the high likelihood of diffuse microthrombi and arteriovenous thrombus in critically ill patients and the procoagulant role of PS, we think that Annexin V or lactadherin could reduce the incidence of thrombosis in COVID-19 patients ( 118 , 123 ). In the presence of a large amount of PS, the inhibition of upstream FXIa, FXIIa, and FXa generation can block IIa generation and avoid the formation of thrombus.…”

Section: Ps: Novel Therapeutic Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Persistent Lung Injury and Prothrombotic State in Long COVID

et al. 2022

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Lung injury may persist during the recovery period of COVID-19 as shown through imaging, six-minute walk, and lung function tests. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to long COVID have not been adequately explained. Our aim is to investigate the basis of pulmonary susceptibility during sequelae and the possibility that prothrombotic states may influence long-term pulmonary symptoms of COVID-19. The patient’s lungs remain vulnerable during the recovery stage due to persistent shedding of the virus, the inflammatory environment, the prothrombotic state, and injury and subsequent repair of the blood-air barrier. The transformation of inflammation to proliferation and fibrosis, hypoxia-involved vascular remodeling, vascular endothelial cell damage, phosphatidylserine-involved hypercoagulability, and continuous changes in serological markers all contribute to post-discharge lung injury. Considering the important role of microthrombus and arteriovenous thrombus in the process of pulmonary functional lesions to organic lesions, we further study the possibility that prothrombotic states, including pulmonary vascular endothelial cell activation and hypercoagulability, may affect long-term pulmonary symptoms in long COVID. Early use of combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy is a promising approach to reduce the incidence of pulmonary sequelae. Essentially, early treatment can block the occurrence of thrombotic events. Because impeded pulmonary circulation causes large pressure imbalances over the alveolar membrane leading to the infiltration of plasma into the alveolar cavity, inhibition of thrombotic events can prevent pulmonary hypertension, formation of lung hyaline membranes, and lung consolidation.

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Section: New Point: Ps and Thrombosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ps: Novel Therapeutic Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Lung Injury and Prothrombotic State in Long COVID

et al. 2022

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“…Elevated plasma levels of TF-expressing PMVs is also associated with COVID-19 disease severity and thrombosis [93]. Similar to HIV, IAV, and some DENV cases, SARS-CoV-2 has been found to be associated with increased levels of circulating PMVs and EVs (Figure 3) [96][97][98][99][100]. Interestingly, one study found that severe COVID-19 cases and healthy individuals had reduced phosphatidylserine (PS) exposing PMVs compared to moderately infected individuals [96].…”

Section: The Role Of Pmvs In Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platelet-Released Factors: Their Role in Viral Disease and Applications for Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Therapy

Ostermeier

Soriano-Sarabia

Maggirwar

2022

IJMS

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Platelets, which are small anuclear cell fragments, play important roles in thrombosis and hemostasis, but also actively release factors that can both suppress and induce viral infections. Platelet-released factors include sCD40L, microvesicles (MVs), and alpha granules that have the capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects depending on the virus. These factors are prime targets for use in extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapy due to their ability to reduce viral infections and exert anti-inflammatory effects. While there are some studies regarding platelet microvesicle-based (PMV-based) therapy, there is still much to learn about PMVs before such therapy can be used. This review provides the background necessary to understand the roles of platelet-released factors, how these factors might be useful in PMV-based therapy, and a critical discussion of current knowledge of platelets and their role in viral diseases.

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“…fibrinogen, fibronectin, complement C1r, serum amyloid P-component, Tenascin) and stimulate respective downstream signaling pathways ( Barberis et al, 2021 ; Lam et al, 2021 ; Sanwlani and Gangoda, 2021 ; Sur et al, 2021 ). Circulating EVs in COVID-19 are often TF and PS-positive and exhibit procoagulant activity indicating that they contribute to disease severity by driving blood clotting ( Balbi et al, 2021 ; Campello et al, 2021 ; Puhm et al, 2022 ). Furthermore, it has been suggested that miRNAs contained in EVs contribute to disease progression, e.g.…”

Section: Roles Of Evs In Inflammation Cancer and Thrombosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks

Beck¹,

Hochreiter²,

Schmid³

2022

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) being defined as lipid-bilayer encircled particles are released by almost all known mammalian cell types and represent a heterogenous set of cell fragments that are found in the blood circulation and all other known body fluids. The current nomenclature distinguishes mainly three forms: microvesicles, which are formed by budding from the plasma membrane; exosomes, which are released, when endosomes with intraluminal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane; and apoptotic bodies representing fragments of apoptotic cells. Their importance for a great variety of biological processes became increasingly evident in the last decade when it was discovered that they contribute to intercellular communication by transferring nucleotides and proteins to recipient cells. In this review, we delineate several aspects of their isolation, purification, and analysis; and discuss some pitfalls that have to be considered therein. Further on, we describe various cellular sources of EVs and explain with different examples, how they link cancer and inflammatory conditions with thrombotic processes. In particular, we elaborate on the roles of EVs in cancer-associated thrombosis and COVID-19, representing two important paradigms, where local pathological processes have systemic effects in the whole organism at least in part via EVs. Finally, we also discuss possible developments of the field in the future and how EVs might be used as biomarkers for diagnosis, and as vehicles for therapeutics.

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Platelet extracellular vesicles in COVID-19: Potential markers and makers

Cited by 29 publications

References 133 publications

Persistent Lung Injury and Prothrombotic State in Long COVID

Persistent Lung Injury and Prothrombotic State in Long COVID

Platelet-Released Factors: Their Role in Viral Disease and Applications for Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Therapy

Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks

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