“…In addition, living cell-based nanomaterials can be combined with advanced biofabrication techniques, such as three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and microfluidics, which have great potential for tissue engineering applications. To this end, various living cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, [278,279] neural stem cells, [280][281][282][283] dental-pulp stem cells, [284] adipose-derived stem cells, [285] erythrocytes, [136,286,287] leukocytes, [288] NK cells, [289] monocytes, [290,291] macrophages, [62,[292][293][294][295][296][297] neutrophils, [63,[298][299][300] lymphocytes, [301] DCs, [302] and platelets, [303,304] have been exploited to engineer nanomaterials, which is the second type of CCT. Such cellularized nanomaterials have demonstrated great potential as "Trojan horses" for active targeting and therapy of various diseases.…”