Thrombocytopenia is a common finding in infection with equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus with some homology to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The thrombocytopenia of EIA, like that in some HIV patients, appears to have a multifactorial pathogenesis. To investigate the decreased platelet production seen in experimental EIA, the levels of three potential negative regulators of platelet production -tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interferon-α (IFN-α) -were measured in serum and bone marrow of six severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) foals and ten immunocompetent EIAVinfected foals. Levels of cytokines in pre-infection foal sera and bone marrow were compared with levels observed during clinical EIA. Mean serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-α were significantly higher (P 0n05) on days N 4 to 0 of thrombocytopenia