Platelet Activation and Cytokine Release of Interleukin-8 and Interferon-Gamma-Induced Protein 10 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Coronavirus Vaccine Injection

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are associated with serious thromboembolic or thrombocytopenic events including vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis and immune thrombocytopenia, particularly AZD1222/ChAdOx1. According to the proposed mechanism, COVID-19 vaccines stimulate inflammation and platelet activation. In this study, we analyzed the role of AZD1222/ChAdOx1 vaccines in the activation of platelets and the release of anti-PF4 antibodies and inflammatory cytokines in a cohort of healthy donors without vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). Forty-eight healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected from peripheral blood at three time points: before vaccination and 1 and 7 days after vaccination. Compared with the prevaccination data, a decrease in the leukocyte and platelet counts was observed 1 day after vaccination, which recovered 7 days after injection. The percentage of activated GPIIb/IIIa complex (PAC-1) under high ADP or thrombin receptor-activating peptide stimulation increased 1 day after vaccination. Furthermore, interluekin-8 (IL-8) and interferon-gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) increased significantly. Additionally, platelet activation and inflammation, with the release of cytokines, were observed; however, none of the individuals developed VITT. Mild thrombocytopenia with platelet activation and inflammation with an elevation of IL-8 and IP-10 were observed after AZ vaccination.

The direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccination on human ovarian granulosa cells explains menstrual irregularities

“…It was suggested that this side effect is a result of the immune response to the vaccine, activation of endometrial immune cells that regulate the generation of the endometrium, or immunological influence on the secretion of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) 4 , 9 , 15 . Examination of the COVID-19 vaccine pointed to an immunologic response, manifested by cytokine release (as Interleukin-8; IL-8) 16 . However, a direct effect of the vaccine on the ovary should be examined, as recent papers showed that ovarian cells could be directly infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus 17 , and that the vaccine caused a biological response similar to that of prolactin signaling, which may lead to short-term menstrual irregularities 18 .…”

Correction: Shen et al. Platelet Activation and Cytokine Release of Interleukin-8 and Interferon-Gamma-Induced Protein 10 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Coronavirus Vaccine Injection. Vaccines 2023, 11, 456

“…The authors wish to make the following corrections to this published paper [1]. Due to the authors' oversight, Figures 3 and 4 In addition, the authors would also like to correct the typing errors.…”