Plate-Shaped Graphite for Improved Performance of Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization

Yang, SeungCheol; Park, Hong-ran; Yoo, Jung Joon; Kim, Han‐Ki; Choi, Jiyeon; Han, Moon Hee; Kim, Dong Kook

doi:10.1149/2.1551713jes

Cited by 53 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In most cases, these are carbon materials in various shapes and sizes. [5,27] In case of applications with redox-active electrodes, materials with a comparably low surface area may be of advantage. Adsorption is not desired in this case, but rather a swift transport of the reacting components to the (flow-)electrode particle surface and a rapid transport of the products away from the surface.…”

Section: Introduction Motivation and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling charge transport in carbon flow-electrodes: Performance prediction for desalination applications

Rommerskirchen

Kalde

Linnartz

et al. 2019

Carbon

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Carbon based flow-electrodes are an increasing research field and find potential application in water treatment processes as well as energy conversion and storage. Flow-electrodes usually consist of a pumpable carbon slurry made of carbon particles suspended in a liquid electrolyte solution. One application for flowelectrodes is flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), which is a membrane-based, electrically-driven desalination method using mostly activated carbon as active material. In contrast to capacitive deionization (CDI) systems based on static electrodes, the use of flow-electrodes enables a continuous operation and the treatment of high salinity solutions. However, it was observed that the performance of FCDI processes heavily relies on the activated carbon quality. The process performance results from a wide range of parameters, including the activated carbon sample characteristics, which are usually not sufficiently covered and predicted by standard carbon analyses. With this article, we establish a foundation for applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as predictive characterization method for flow-electrode materials. This includes the investigation of influencing system parameters and carbon characteristics, and the development of an equivalent circuit model. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility to predict and match the desalination performance of flow-electrodes based on different activated carbon types using EIS.

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Section: Introduction Motivation and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling charge transport in carbon flow-electrodes: Performance prediction for desalination applications

Rommerskirchen

Kalde

Linnartz

et al. 2019

Carbon

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Depending on the aimed-at diluate product concentration and the depletion of the diluate boundary layers, the reduction of the diluate channel resistance should be prioritized over the membrane resistance in specific cases. 35,36,37,38]. Here, we present a different approach aiming at the module design, based on the use of multiple cell pairs.…”

Section: Reducing the Resistance Losses In Fcdi Processes: An Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow-electrode capacitive deionization enables continuous and energy-efficient brine concentration

Rommerskirchen,

Linnartz,

Egidi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Many industrial and agricultural applications require the treatment of water streams containing high concentrations of ionic species for closing material cycles. High concentration factors are often desired, but hard to achieve with established thermal or membrane-based water treatment technologies at low energy consumptions. Capacitive deionization processes are normally assumed as relevant for the treatment of low salinity solutions only. Flowelectrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), on the other hand, is an electrically driven water desalination technology, which allows the continuous desalination and concentration of saline water streams even at elevated salinities.

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“…(1) High flow-electrode content [384], conductive additives such as carbon black [385], carbon nanotubes [386], and plate-type graphite [387], and high flow rate of flow-electrode in flow-electrode channel [16] helped promote cell conductivity.…”

Section: Cell Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.

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Plate-Shaped Graphite for Improved Performance of Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization

Cited by 53 publications

References 46 publications

Unraveling charge transport in carbon flow-electrodes: Performance prediction for desalination applications

Unraveling charge transport in carbon flow-electrodes: Performance prediction for desalination applications

Flow-electrode capacitive deionization enables continuous and energy-efficient brine concentration

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

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