Plastochromanol-8: Fifty years of research

Kruk, Jerzy; Szymańska, Renata; Cela, Jana; Munné‐Bosch, Sergi

doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.011

Cited by 81 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The major oxidized derivative of carnosic acid, carnosol, was less abundant (;2 mg mg 21 dry leaf weight), nevertheless representing about 0.2% of dry weight. We also analyzed the prenyl lipids, tocopherols and plastochromanol, which are both ubiquitous plastid antioxidants (Kruk et al, 2014(Kruk et al, , 2016. Both compounds were found in rosemary leaves at concentrations noticeably lower than carnosol: approximately 0.1 and 0.01 mg mg…”

Section: Carnosic Acid and Carnosol Levels In Rosemary Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnosic Acid and Carnosol, Two Major Antioxidants of Rosemary, Act through Different Mechanisms

et al. 2017

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Carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene specific to the Lamiaceae family, is highly abundant in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Despite numerous industrial and medicinal/pharmaceutical applications of its antioxidative features, this compound in planta and its antioxidant mechanism have received little attention, except a few studies of rosemary plants under natural conditions. In vitro analyses, using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet and luminescence imaging, revealed that carnosic acid and its major oxidized derivative, carnosol, protect lipids from oxidation. Both compounds preserved linolenic acid and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from singlet oxygen and from hydroxyl radical. When applied exogenously, they were both able to protect thylakoid membranes prepared from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves against lipid peroxidation. Different levels of carnosic acid and carnosol in two contrasting rosemary varieties correlated with tolerance to lipid peroxidation. Upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidation of lipids, carnosic acid was consumed and oxidized into various derivatives, including into carnosol, while carnosol resisted, suggesting that carnosic acid is a chemical quencher of ROS. The antioxidative function of carnosol relies on another mechanism, occurring directly in the lipid oxidation process. Under oxidative conditions that did not involve ROS generation, carnosol inhibited lipid peroxidation, contrary to carnosic acid. Using spin probes and electron paramagnetic resonance detection, we confirmed that carnosic acid, rather than carnosol, is a ROS quencher. Various oxidized derivatives of carnosic acid were detected in rosemary leaves in low light, indicating chronic oxidation of this compound, and accumulated in plants exposed to stress conditions, in parallel with a loss of carnosic acid, confirming that chemical quenching of ROS by carnosic acid takes place in planta.

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Section: Carnosic Acid and Carnosol Levels In Rosemary Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnosic Acid and Carnosol, Two Major Antioxidants of Rosemary, Act through Different Mechanisms

et al. 2017

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“…Tocochromanols (particularly tocopherols and plastochromanol-8) are found in thylakoids and play an antioxidant function in protecting lipids from the propagation of lipid peroxidation in chloroplasts. Together with carotenoids, they also prevent PSII damage as a result of singlet oxygen attack (Munné-Bosch and Alegre, 2002;Falk and Munné-Bosch, 2010;Zbierzak et al, 2009;Kruk et al, 2014). A higher tocochromanol content, particularly of a-tocopherol, and an increased capacity for nonradiative dissipation of excitation energy by activation of the xanthophyll cycle have been found in highmountain plants, thus supporting such a role (Streb et al, 1997(Streb et al, , 1998(Streb et al, , 2003a(Streb et al, , 2003bGarcía-Plazaola et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 91%

Adaptation of the Long-Lived Monocarpic Perennial, Saxifraga longifolia to High Altitude

et al. 2016

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Global change is exerting a major effect on plant communities, altering their potential capacity for adaptation. Here, we aimed at unveiling mechanisms of adaptation to high altitude in an endemic long-lived monocarpic, Saxifraga longifolia, by combining demographic and physiological approaches. Plants from three altitudes (570, 1100, and 2100 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) were investigated in terms of leaf water and pigment contents, and activation of stress defense mechanisms. The influence of plant size on physiological performance and mortality was also investigated. Levels of photoprotective molecules (a-tocopherol, carotenoids, and anthocyanins) increased in response to high altitude (1100 relative to 570 m a.s.l.), which was paralleled by reduced soil and leaf water contents and increased ABA levels. The more demanding effect of high altitude on photoprotection was, however, partly abolished at very high altitudes (2100 m a.s.l.) due to improved soil water contents, with the exception of a-tocopherol accumulation. a-Tocopherol levels increased progressively at increasing altitudes, which paralleled with reductions in lipid peroxidation, thus suggesting plants from the highest altitude effectively withstood high light stress. Furthermore, mortality of juveniles was highest at the intermediate population, suggesting that drought stress was the main environmental driver of mortality of juveniles in this rocky plant species. Population structure and vital rates in the high population evidenced lower recruitment and mortality in juveniles, activation of clonal growth, and absence of plant sizedependent mortality. We conclude that, despite S. longifolia has evolved complex mechanisms of adaptation to altitude at the cellular, whole-plant and population levels, drought events may drive increased mortality in the framework of global change.

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“…1; for review, see Hunter and Cahoon, 2007;Kruk et al, 2014). Tocopherols and tocotrienols are formed via the condensation of homogentisate with phytyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), respectively (Collakova and DellaPenna, 2001;Savidge et al, 2002;Cahoon et al, 2003;Yang et al, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like humans and animals, plants are also subject to various oxidative stresses and require antioxidants to neutralize free radical damage. Production of homogentisate-derived metabolites is thus essential for the protection of plant cells against oxidative damage during photosynthesis, abiotic stress conditions, and seed desiccation and storage (Gruszka et al, 2008;Maeda et al, 2008;Matringe et al, 2008;Falk and Munné-Bosch, 2010;Kruk et al, 2014). Tocochromanols also provide oxidative stability to plant products, such as vegetable oils, biofuels, and biobased lubricants (Clemente and Cahoon, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of Homogentisate Dioxygenase as a Target for Vitamin E Biofortification in Oilseeds

et al. 2016

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Soybean (Glycine max) is a major plant source of protein and oil and produces important secondary metabolites beneficial for human health. As a tool for gene function discovery and improvement of this important crop, a mutant population was generated using fast neutron irradiation. Visual screening of mutagenized seeds identified a mutant line, designated MO12, which produced brown seeds as opposed to the yellow seeds produced by the unmodified Williams 82 parental cultivar. Using forward genetic methods combined with comparative genome hybridization analysis, we were able to establish that deletion of the GmHGO1 gene is the genetic basis of the brown seeded phenotype exhibited by the MO12 mutant line. GmHGO1 encodes a homogentisate dioxygenase (HGO), which catalyzes the committed enzymatic step in homogentisate catabolism. This report describes to our knowledge the first functional characterization of a plant HGO gene, defects of which are linked to the human genetic disease alkaptonuria. We show that reduced homogentisate catabolism in a soybean HGO mutant is an effective strategy for enhancing the production of lipid-soluble antioxidants such as vitamin E, as well as tolerance to herbicides that target pathways associated with homogentisate metabolism. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the utility of fast neutron mutagenesis in identifying novel genes that contribute to soybean agronomic traits.

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Plastochromanol-8: Fifty years of research

Cited by 81 publications

References 39 publications

Carnosic Acid and Carnosol, Two Major Antioxidants of Rosemary, Act through Different Mechanisms

Carnosic Acid and Carnosol, Two Major Antioxidants of Rosemary, Act through Different Mechanisms

Adaptation of the Long-Lived Monocarpic Perennial, Saxifraga longifolia to High Altitude

Identification of Homogentisate Dioxygenase as a Target for Vitamin E Biofortification in Oilseeds

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