Plastics streams in Germany—an analysis of production, consumption and waste generation

Patel, Martin Kumar; Jochem, Eberhard; Radgen, Peter; Worrell, Ernst

doi:10.1016/s0921-3449(98)00015-9

Cited by 74 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The total service period is therefore 3 years. The weighted average service life of all plastics products in India is 8 years (Table 3); this is much less than the weighted average service life for Germany which is estimated at 14 years (Patel et al, 1998). This difference in service life reflects the fact that a particularly high share of plastics is used for short life products in India (e.g.…”

Section: Plastic Wastementioning

confidence: 92%

“…For countries with a large net export of such final products the real consumption is smaller than the apparent consumption. The effect of indirect trade can be roughly estimated by combining monetary data on imports and exports and average product prices (Patel et al, 1998). Data from a global economic model and price projections would be needed to apply the methodology for the future.…”

Section: Projection Of the Future Plastics Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plastics materials flow analysis for India

Mutha

Patel

Premnath

2006

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

137

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Forecasting material flows is essential for sound policy making on issues relating to waste management. This paper presents the results of the plastics materials flow analysis (MFA) for India. In the recent past, India has witnessed a substantial growth in the consumption of plastics and an increased production of plastic waste. Polyolefins account for the major share of 60% in the total plastics consumption in India. Packaging is the major plastics consuming sector, with 42% of the total consumption, followed by consumer products and the construction industry. The relationship observed between plastic consumption and the gross domestic product for several countries was used to estimate future plastics consumption (master curve). Elasticities of the individual material growth with respect to GDP were established for the past and for the next three decades estimated for India thereby assuming a development comparable with that of Western Europe. On this basis, the total plastics consumption is projected to grow by a factor of 6 between 2000 and 2030. The consumption of various end products is combined with their corresponding lifetimes to calculate the total waste quantities. The weighted average lifetime of plastics products was calculated as 8 years. Forty-seven percent of the total plastics waste generated is currently recycled in India; this is much higher than the share of recycling in most of the other countries. The recycling sector alone employs as many people as the plastics processing sector, which employs about eight times more people than the plastics manufacturing sector. Due to the increasing share of long-life products in the economy, and consequently in the volume of waste generated, the share of recycling will decrease to 35% over the next three * Corresponding author. decades. The total waste available for disposal (excluding recycling) will increase at least 10-fold up to the year 2030 from its current level of 1.3 million tonnes.

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Section: Plastic Wastementioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Projection Of the Future Plastics Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastics materials flow analysis for India

Mutha

Patel

Premnath

2006

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

137

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“…The three R"s are commonly used terms in waste management; they stand for "reduce, reuse, and recycle". As waste generation rates have risen, processing costs increased, and available landfill space decreased, the three R`s have become a central tenet in sustainable waste management efforts [7,20,22]. The concept of waste reduction, or waste minimization, involves redesigning products or changing societal patterns of consumption, use, and waste generation to prevent the creation of waste and minimize the toxicity of waste that is produced [12].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Optimized Model for Waste Management Using the Concept of Industrial Symbiosis

2017

IJAERD

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“…MFAs have been carried out for different types of plastics in many countries, e.g. plastics streams in general in Austria and Poland (Bogucka et al 2008 ), in Germany (Patel et al 1998 ), in India (Mutha et al 2006 ), in the Netherlands (Joosten et al 2000 ) and in Serbia (Vujic et al 2010 ); for polyethylene terephthalate fl ows in Colombia (Rochat et al 2013 ) and in the US (Kuczenski and Geyer 2010 ); fl ows of polyvinyl chloride in China (Zhou et al 2013 ), in Japan ), and in Sweden (Tukker et al 1997 ;Kleijn et al 2000 ); and fl ows of waste tires in China , Thailand (Jacob et al 2014 ) and in small island developing states (Sarkar et al 2011 ).…”

Section: Waste Plasticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Flow Analysis and Waste Management

Moriguchi

Hashimoto

2016

Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology

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Material fl ow analysis (MFA, also known as Material Flow Accounting) has become one of the basic tools in industrial ecology, since its pioneering development by Ayres. This chapter reviews progress in MFA with emphasis on the use of MFA to support waste management and recycling policy.Waste statistics are compiled in most developed and some developing countries, but the basis is insuffi ciently standardized so that care is needed in making comparisons between countries. This also applies to recycling fl ows, which are diffi cult to defi ne and quantify. Waste arising from demolition can be predicted by dynamic modeling which also predicts future resource demand, but the discrepancies between predicted and reported waste quantities can be large due to "missing" or "dissipated" stock. Metals represent an important and valuable component of waste; metals in endof-life vehicles and e-waste in particular need to be quantifi ed for their recycling and ecological and human health impact assessment. MFA has also been applied to international trade of secondhand products containing metals. MFA studies on phosphorus have revealed potential ways to increase recovery that go beyond recycling from obvious wastes.

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Plastics streams in Germany—an analysis of production, consumption and waste generation

Cited by 74 publications

References 3 publications

Plastics materials flow analysis for India

Plastics materials flow analysis for India

An Optimized Model for Waste Management Using the Concept of Industrial Symbiosis

Material Flow Analysis and Waste Management

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