Plastics for a Circular Economy Workshop: Summary Report

Fitzgerald, Nichole; Bailey, A; Jay, Fitzgerald,; Bentley, Gayle; Klembara, Melissa; Peretti, Kate

doi:10.2172/1644395

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The FEW were much more comparable to 42 Swedish Olympic power athletes tested by Eklund et al (20), with reported means of 19.3% (%BF), 49.4 ± 5.9 kg (FFM), and 1.28 ± 0.07 g·cm −2 (BMD). Compared with previous soldier studies in females, the FEW were substantially leaner than the mean 28% to 29%BF, had substantially higher FFM (averages of 41–44 kg), and demonstrated higher aerobic fitness (averages of 38–40 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ) (25–28). Compared with means reported for White women age 25 to 30 yr in the NHANES sample, BMI was lower (26.8 ± 0.3 kg·m −2 ), %BF was much lower (36.0 ± 7.2), while FFMI (15.8 ± 2.1 kg·m −2 ) and BMD (1.11 ± 0.08) were substantially higher (29,30).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

McClung¹,

Spiering

Bartlett³

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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IntroductionThis study characterized a sample of the first women to complete elite United States (US) military training.MethodsTwelve female graduates of the US Army Ranger Course and one of the first Marine Corps Infantry Officers Course graduates participated in 3 d of laboratory testing including serum endocrine profiles, aerobic capacity, standing broad jump, common soldiering tasks, Army Combat Fitness Test, and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, three-dimensional body surface scans, and anthropometry).ResultsThe women were 6 months to 4 yr postcourse graduation, 30 ± 6 yr (mean ± SD); height, 1.67 ± 0.07 m; body mass, 69.4 ± 8.2 kg; body mass index, 25.0 ± 2.3 kg·m−2. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry relative fat was 20.0% ± 2.0%; fat-free mass, 53.0 ± 5.9 kg; fat-free mass index, 20.0 ± 1.7 kg·m−2; bone mineral content, 2.75 ± 0.28 kg; bone mineral density, 1.24 ± 0.07 g·cm−2; aerobic capacity, 48.2 ± 4.8 mL·kg−1·min−1; total Army Combat Fitness Test score 505 ± 27; standing broad jump 2.0 ± 0.2 m; 123 kg casualty drag 0.70 ± 0.20 m·s−1, and 4 mile 47 kg ruck march 64 ± 6 min. All women were within normal healthy female range for circulating androgens. Physique from three-dimensional scan demonstrated greater circumferences at eight of the 11 sites compared with the standard military female.ConclusionsThese pioneering women possessed high strength and aerobic capacity, low %BF; high fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and bone mass and density; and they were not virilized based on endocrine measures as compared with other reference groups. This group is larger in body size and leaner than the average Army woman. These elite physical performers seem most comparable to female competitive strength athletes.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

McClung¹,

Spiering

Bartlett³

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…The PP material collected for sorting originates mainly from the containers and other packaging materials such as lids, caps, trays, baskets, and so on. Many studies have been published previously identifying the main challenges and opportunities to promote recovery and recycling of plastics at their EOL. ,,− For more information on interpretation of material flows, please refer to Section 6.2 of the SI-1 document and Figure S14 for complete composition of U.S. plastic waste generation by resin type and EOL product categories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polyolefin Plastics Supply Chains in the United States

Chaudhari

Johnson

Reck

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Plastics are useful and beneficial materials that contribute to an improved quality of life, yet they generate significant solid wastes and emissions and consume significant energy resources. Systems analysis is incomplete on current linear production systems of plastics supply chains and their associated processes. Our study combines material flow and life cycle assessment data sets of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the main polyolefin polymers in the United States, comprising over 70% of plastics flows. This study estimates the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption of these supply chains, including transportation and end-of-life processes, lacking in prior studies. We calculate annual GHG emissions and energy consumption of these plastic supply chains to be 101 MMT CO2-eq and 3248 PJ in 2019, respectively. The GHG emissions of these supply chains represented 1.5% of the total U.S. emissions and 5% of the total U.S. industry-related GHG emissions. The total energy consumption of these supply chains represented 3.1% of the total U.S. energy consumption in 2019. Transportation of PET and polyolefin plastic materials contributes 5% and 2% to the total supply chain GHG emissions and energy consumption, respectively. This baseline study provides a benchmark and enables a comparison to future circular production systems for plastics in the United States.

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“…This Perspective identified the availability and quality as well as knowledge gaps with LCA, TEA, and process data sets associated with waste plastic supply chains, as summarized in Table . While most of the available process data sets are European based, more publicly available U.S. environmental and economic assessment studies of advanced sorting and chemical recycling technologies of waste plastics are needed to understand their impacts and for complete sustainability assessment of plastic waste supply chains . The proposed “bottom-up” systems analysis framework could address these knowledge gaps by first performing process simulations on key unit operations involved in chemical recycling technologies, based on available process parameters and then conducting LCAs and TEAs to assess environmental and economic impacts of these recycling technologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While most of the available process data sets are European based, more publicly available U.S. environmental and economic assessment studies of advanced sorting and chemical recycling technologies of waste plastics are needed to understand their impacts and for complete sustainability assessment of plastic waste supply chains. 197 The proposed "bottom-up" systems analysis framework could address these knowledge gaps by first performing process simulations on key unit operations involved in chemical recycling technologies, based on available process parameters and then conducting LCAs and TEAs to assess environmental and economic impacts of these recycling technologies. Our illustrative systems analysis of PET bottles, based on a linear programming optimization model, revealed that both mechanical and chemical recycling technologies are needed to achieve a circular economy of PET bottles with the least GHG emissions and represents a GHG emission reductions of 24% compared to a linear economy of PET.…”

Section: ■ Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systems Analysis Approach to Polyethylene Terephthalate and Olefin Plastics Supply Chains in the Circular Economy: A Review of Data Sets and Models

Chaudhari

Lin

Thompson

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The environmental and economic impacts of implementing a circular economy in plastic waste supply chains are not well understood. The proposed systems analysis framework assesses environmental, social, and economic impacts of plastic waste supply chains in a circular economy. The first objective of this article is to identify data sets, models, and knowledge gaps associated with waste plastic supply chain processes, mainly in the U.S. Our literature review indicated that the best data sets exist for virgin plastic resin production, mechanical recycling, landfilling, and incineration, with the materials recovery facility being intermediate, and with chemical recycling the lowest. The second objective of this perspective is to develop an illustrative application of the framework by conducting a preliminary systems analysis of PET bottles with closed-loop recycling. The preliminary systems analysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles utilized a linear programming optimization method. Our optimization model indicated that both chemical and mechanical recycling processes are needed to achieve a true circular economy of PET bottles with the least greenhouse gas emissions, specifically reductions of 24% when compared with the linear economy. Good quality and standardized life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis studies are needed to better understand the environmental, economic, and social impacts of advanced sorting and chemical recycling technologies.

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Plastics for a Circular Economy Workshop: Summary Report

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

Material Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polyolefin Plastics Supply Chains in the United States

Systems Analysis Approach to Polyethylene Terephthalate and Olefin Plastics Supply Chains in the Circular Economy: A Review of Data Sets and Models

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