Plastics, Analysis

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1 Introduction 2 Polymer Solubility 3 Isolation of Macromolecular Components 4 Preliminary Tests for Polymer Identification 4.1 Density 4.2 Thermal Behavior 4.3 Combustion Characteristics 4.4 Thermal Degradation 4.5 Contact Angles 5 Average Chemical Analysis 5.1 Probing for Heteroelements and Functional Groups 5.1.1 Heteroelements 5.1.2 Functional Groups 5.2 Separation and Identification Schemes 5.3 Spectroscopic Methods 5.3.1 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy 5.3.2 Quantitative IR Spectroscopy 5.3.3 Attenuated Total Reflection IR 5.3.4 Online IR Detectors 5.3.5 Other Spectroscopic Methods 6 Molecular Weight Analysis 6.1 Absolute Methods 6.1.1 Membrane Osmometry 6.1.2 Vapor Pressure Osmometry, Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation 6.1.3 Ultracentrifugation 6.1.4 Light Scattering 6.1.5 Polymer Rheology 6.1.6 Analysis of End Groups 6.2 Relative Methods 6.2.1 Intrinsic Viscosity 6.2.2 Diffusion‐Based Methods 6.2.3 Molecular Weight Fractionation via Stepwise Precipitation 6.2.4 Determination of Molecular Weight Distribution via Gel Permeation Chromatography 6.2.5 Field‐Flow Fractionation (FFF) 7 Determination of Sequential Structure 7.1 Molecular Heterogeneity of Copolymers 7.2 NMR Spectroscopy 7.2.1 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 7.2.2 Polybutadiene 7.2.3 Polypropylene (PP) 7.2.4 Ethylene‐α‐olefins 7.2.5 Other NMR Methods 7.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 8 Determination of Chemical Heterogeneity 8.1 CCD Theoretical Framework 8.2 Analysis of CCD via Crystallization‐Based Techniques 8.3 Analysis of CCD via High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 8.4 Hyphenated Multi‐Dimensional Separation Techniques References