Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers

Wensing, Michael; Uhde, Erik; Salthammer, Tunga

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.028

Cited by 273 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…29 A major source of VOCs and SVOCs in the indoor environment is plastic materials that give off toxic and irritating emissions long after they are manufactured. 30,31 These materials make up a large portion of the internal surface area of a typical incubator; therefore, it is likely that VOC emissions may become a portion of the internal breathing air inside the incubators. Furthermore, VOCs found in an incubator may also arise from polyurethane foam in bedding materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds in neonatal incubators

Prazad

Cortes²,

Puppala

et al. 2008

J Perinatol

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Objective: To identify and quantify airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) inside neonatal incubators during various modes of operation within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment.Study Design: Air samples were taken from 10 unoccupied incubators in four operational settings along with ambient air samples using air sampling canisters. The samples were analyzed following EPA TO-15 using a Tekmar AutoCan interfaced to Agilent 6890 Gas Chromatograph with a 5973 Mass Spectrometer calibrated for 60 EPA TO-15 method target compounds. Non-target compounds were tentatively identified using mass spectral interpretation and with a mass spectral library created by National Institute for Standards and Technology.Result: Two non-target compounds, 2-heptanone and n-butyl acetate, were found at elevated concentrations inside the incubators compared with ambient room air samples. Increase in temperature and addition of humidity produced further increased concentrations of these compounds. Their identities were verified by mass spectra and relative retention times using authentic standards. They were quantified using vinyl acetate and 2-hexanone as surrogate standards. Conclusion:The emission pattern of these two compounds and background measurements indicate that they originate inside the incubator. There is evidence that exposure to some VOCs may adversely impact the fetal and developing infants' health. Currently, as there is no definitive information available on the effects of acute or chronic lowlevel exposure to these compounds in neonates, future studies evaluating the health effects of neonatal exposure to these VOCs are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds in neonatal incubators

Prazad

Cortes²,

Puppala

et al. 2008

J Perinatol

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“…As shown in Table S1, these chemicals exhibit a wide range of logKow values (from À0.65 to 9.49). Additionally, OPEs can be classified as semi-volatile compounds with Henry's law constant values ranged from 2.92 Â 10 À10 to 1.98 Â 10 À8 atm m 3 mol À1 (Wensing et al, 2005). Although the atmospheric half-lives of OPEs are below 2 days (from <1 to 21.3 h), their occurrence in precipitation in the North Sea atmosphere and Arctic, indicates that they can undergo long range atmospheric transport (LRAT) (M€ oller et al, 2012;Shoeib et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variation of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urban surface water in Beijing, China

Shi

Gao

et al. 2016

Environmental Pollution

261

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a b s t r a c tThe occurrence, spatial distribution and seasonal variation of 14 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in urban surface water (river and lake water) from July 2013 to June 2014 in Beijing, China. Sewage influent and effluent samples, as well as rainwater and road runoff samples were also analyzed as the potential sources of OPEs in surface water. Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most abundant OPEs with the average concentrations of 291 ng L À1 and 219 ng L À1 , respectively. Relatively high concentrations of OPEs were detected in rivers located at southern and eastern urban of Beijing, which was probably attributed to the treated and untreated sewage discharge. Besides, higher levels of OPEs were observed in urban surface water in the summer, and the wet deposition (rainfall) was confirmed to be an important factor for this observation. Risk assessment showed low or medium risk of OPEs for the organisms (algae, crustacean and fish).

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“…OPEs are generally recognized as semi-volatile additives [9], which could be released into the environment from commercial products during volatilization, abrasion and dissolution [2]. Adverse health impacts, such as carcinogenic, neurotoxic, reproductive and hemolytic effects [8,[10][11][12][13][14], have also been observed in biological tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of two passive samplers for the analysis of organophosphate esters in the ambient air

Liu

Lin

Liu

et al. 2016

Talanta

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a b s t r a c tBoth polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent-impregnated PUF (SIP) passive air sampling (PAS) methods were deployed and compared separately for the analysis of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in outdoor atmospheric environment. During an continuous period of 84 days, parallel samples were also collected by a high-volume active air sampler (HV-AAS) to assess the contamination levels and to calibrate uptake parameters of PAS. The total concentration of OPEs in both particulate and gaseous phases ranged from 1.50 to 5.64 ng m À 3 in ambient air. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the dominating analog, representing 78 79% of total OPE concentration. SIP-PAS showed longer linear-phase sampling period for TCPP, and accumulated more amount of the most volatile triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) homologues, while similar sorption performances of both PAS methods were found for most of the semi-volatile OPEs. Linear sampling rates in PUF-PAS and SIP-PAS disks were calculated for individual OPEs except for TEP and TBP, and the average uptake rates (3.37 1.1 and 3.57 1.7 m 3 d À 1 , respectively) were close to the acknowledged value (4 m À 3 d À 1) for persistent organic pollutants. Besides, isotopic labeled D 15 -Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) could be used as a viable depuration compound to calculate site-specific sampling rates of OPEs, with a linear loss of up to ∼60% at the end of deployment time.

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Plastics additives in the indoor environment—flame retardants and plasticizers

Cited by 273 publications

References 22 publications

Airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds in neonatal incubators

Airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds in neonatal incubators

Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variation of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urban surface water in Beijing, China

Evaluation of two passive samplers for the analysis of organophosphate esters in the ambient air

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