“…There are many researchers who have used plasticity alone to characterize the concrete behavior (e.g. Chen and Chen, 1975;William and Warnke, 1975;Bazant, 1978;Dragon and Mroz, 1979;Schreyer, 1983;Chen and Buyukozturk, 1985;Oñate et al, 1988;Voyiadjis and Abu-Lebdeh, 1994;Karabinis and Kiousis, 1994;Este and Willam, 1994;Menetrey and Willam, 1995;Grassl et al, 2002). The main characteristic of these models is a plasticity yield surface that includes pressure sensitivity, path sensitivity, non-associative flow rule, and work or strain hardening.…”