Plasticity in early immune evasion strategies of a bacterial pathogen

Bernard, Quentin; Smith, Alexis A.; Yang, Xiuli; Koči, Juraj; Foor, Shelby D.; Cramer, Sarah; Zhuang, Xuran; Dwyer, Jennifer E.; Lin, Yi‐Pin; Mongodin, Emmanuel F.; Marques, Adriana; Leong, John M.; Anguíta, Juan; Pal, Utpal

doi:10.1073/pnas.1718595115

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Such membrane feeding systems have been useful for introducing specific pathogens into I. scapularis and to test different acaricides effectiveness on I. ricinus (Krober and Guerin, 2007;Oliver et al, 2016). Several recent studies have used these systems to elucidate the contribution of B. burgdorferi proteins in acquisition and transmission of mutant strains and to assess nutritional requirements for tick reproduction (Perner et al, 2016;Bernard et al, 2018;Hart et al, 2018;Koci et al, 2018). Larval ticks, though, did not successfully feed with this technique, likely due to the inability of the smaller mouthparts of larvae to penetrate through the thickness of the silicone membrane (Oliver et al, 2016).…”

Section: New Dimensions For the Study Of Tick Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sharing the Ride: Ixodes scapularis Symbionts and Their Interactions

Stewart

Bloom

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The deer tick Ixodes scapularis transmits a variety of disease agents in the United States, spreading the bacteria that causes Lyme borreliosis, the protozoan agent of babesiosis, and viruses such as Powassan. However, a variety of other organisms have also evolved symbiotic relationships with this tick species, and it seems likely that some of these microbes have simultaneously coevolved mechanisms to impact each other and their tick host. The number of organisms identified as I. scapularis symbionts has increased seemingly exponentially with the advent of PCR and next generation sequencing technologies, but convincing arguments have proposed that some of these are of environmental origin, unadapted to surviving the physiological conditions of the tick or that they are artifacts of ultrasensitive detection methods. In this review, we examine the diversity of the known microbes occurring within the I. scapularis microbiome, the evidence for interactions between microbes, and discuss whether some organisms reported to be symbionts of I. scapularis are experimental artifacts.

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Section: New Dimensions For the Study Of Tick Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sharing the Ride: Ixodes scapularis Symbionts and Their Interactions

Stewart

Bloom

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Macrophages have failed to develop an effective response against certain intracellular pathogens. 162,163 The reason for this failure has been a long-standing question in this field. Thus, numerous studies have sought to elucidate the pathway through which the behavior of an infected cell is altered.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Immune Evasion Used By Intracellular Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Functional aspects, phenotypic heterogeneity, and tissue immune response of macrophages in infectious diseases</p>

Sousa¹,

Vasconcelos²,

Quaresma³

2019

IDR

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Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous group of cells with specialized functions depending not only on their subgroup but also on the function of the organ or tissue in which the cells are located. The concept of macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity has been investigated since the 1980s, and more recent studies have identified a diverse spectrum of phenotypic subpopulations. Several types of macrophages play a central role in the response to infectious agents and, along with other components of the immune system, determine the clinical outcome of major infectious diseases. Here, we review the functions of various macrophage phenotypic subpopulations, the concept of macrophage polarization, and the influence of these cells on the evolution of infections. In addition, we emphasize their role in the immune response in vivo and in situ, as well as the molecular effectors and signaling mechanisms used by these cells. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanisms of immune evasion triggered by infectious agents to counter the actions of macrophages and their consequences. Our aim here is to provide an overview of the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of critical transmissible diseases and discuss how elucidation of this relationship could enhance our understanding of the host–pathogen association in organ-specific immune responses.

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“…The B. burgdorferi genome encodes several proteins to control immune activation in mammals during transmission, such as BBA57, which dampens interferon activation 133 . Whether the B. burgdorferi genome encodes proteins that impair tick immune activation pathways through direct protein-protein interactions is unknown and requires further investigation.…”

Section: Peritrophic Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi and ticks

et al. 2020

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Lyme disease is a tick-borne disease caused by the spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted enzootically between ticks and their hosts, resulting in approximately 300,000 cases annually in the United States 1,2. Globally, several species within the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex have been identified as human pathogens, however, in the United States, nearly all Lyme disease is caused by B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (referred to as B. burgdorferi in this Review). Erythema migrans, the characteristic expanding rash, is an indicator of early acute infection, although the disease can also present with a variety of non-specific clinical signs. Spirochaetes enter the human skin at the tick bite site and then use internal periplasmic flagella to migrate to distal tissues, including the heart and joints 3. Untreated infections can progress to multisystemic manifestations including rheumatologic, neurologic and cardiac disease. Similar versions of Lyme disease occur throughout the Northern Hemisphere, where Ixodes tick species are present. In Europe, Lyme borreliosis is caused by B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex spirochaetes (Box 1), which may infect as many as 85,000 persons annually, while in Asia fewer epidemiological studies have been reported, and it is likely that the true incidence is not well understood. The genome of B. burgdorferi consists of an approximately 1-Mb linear chromosome and at least 17 circular and linear plasmids, many of which are highly stable and contain genes that are crucial for survival 4,5 (Box 2). Gene expression is highly regulated to enable the spirochaete to adapt to the different environments as it cycles between an arthropod host and a vertebrate host 6. External cues from the host, such as temperature, pH, CO 2 levels and other biotic factors, as well as host species are important factors that regulate gene expression in B. burgdorferi 7-10. B. burgdorferi undergoes several changes during transmission from the tick to the host to adapt to the new conditions. At the bite site, the spirochaete must evade the immune defences of the mammalian host to extravasate and establish infection in other tissues. Although B. burgdorferi genome encodes several proteins to facilitate these functions, it also relies heavily on interactions with tick salivary proteins injected into the bite site during the initial stage of vertebrate infection. Understanding how the spirochaetes and the tick host interact is crucial to better understand infection, pathogen transmission and potential targeted therapies. In the United States, most tick-borne infections are transmitted by the bite of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, including infections with B. burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, Borrelia mayonii, Babesia microti, Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Powassan virus. This three-host tick species is the primary vector for Lyme disease-causing B. burgdorferi spirochaetes. The life cycle of I. scapularis spans 2-4 years and includes egg, larval, nymphal and adult s...

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Plasticity in early immune evasion strategies of a bacterial pathogen

Cited by 32 publications

References 75 publications

Sharing the Ride: Ixodes scapularis Symbionts and Their Interactions

Sharing the Ride: Ixodes scapularis Symbionts and Their Interactions

<p>Functional aspects, phenotypic heterogeneity, and tissue immune response of macrophages in infectious diseases</p>

Interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi and ticks

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