Plasticity based material modelling of ice and its application to ship–iceberg impacts

A comparative analysis of the fluid-structure interaction method and the constant added mass method for ice-structure collisions

“…6 and 13). This finding is similar to that for collisions between ice and stiffened panels (e.g., Liu et al [32] and Kim et al [11]). …”

“…There are several numerical ice models used in the earlier studies (see Liu et al [32], Gagnon and Wang [26], DerradjiAouat et al [37] and Kim et al [38]), in which the unknown ice parameters are derived heuristically to obtain compliance with the experiments. However, fully phenomenological constitutive models of ice are rare, probably due to incomplete understanding of post-terminal ice failure mechanisms and a lack of suitable measurements.…”

“…Because small changes in the ice input data may cause significant changes in the outcome in terms of structural deformations and energy dissipation [32], it is essential to verify that the ice material model is capable of predicting a reasonable pressure-area relationship that is in agreement with the experimental data for freshwater ice (in Section 3.1).…”

“…This failure criterion is based on trial and error and is purely empirical. It is referred to Liu et al [32] for details. For the steel, the model implemented and verified by Alsos et al [33] was used; it incorporates a plateau strain, power law hardening and the RTCL damage criterion.…”

“…The behaviour of the ice mass (except for the rigid part) was modelled using the elliptic yield criterion and the strain-based pressure-dependent failure criterion for freshwater ice implemented by Liu et al [32]. The model is dependent on the hydrostatic pressure, and thereby the triaxial loading state of the ice.…”